13.2 The Battle of Civitate 1053 AD, Part 2

The popes of the eleventh and early twelfth century were hardly living by the standards set by their religion. In spite of this this they still enjoyed considerable reverence among the leaders of Christendom. A papal alliance with the German Emperors, which proved highly valuable but sometimes very difficult, became a key element of medieval Italian history.

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Picture: 12th-century stained glass depiction of Otto I, Strasbourg Cathedral

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