Zero, Half-Collinear, and the AI Breakthrough in Gluon Scattering

We explore how a decades-old assumption that a single-gluon tree amplitude must vanish breaks down in a very specific half-collinear setup. A Harvard–Cambridge–OpenAI collaboration, aided by an AI that inferred a clean, piecewise-constant formula before human verification, reveals a nonzero amplitude and bridges self-dual Yang–Mills theory to the full theory. This episode highlights a powerful human–AI partnership driving physics beyond what was thought possible.

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