85: How to Make a Vaccine

Ever wondered what goes into a vaccine? How it’s tested? Why it takes up to 15 years to get one off the shelves and into the people that need it? We’re here with all the answers you could possible need, and some you definitely don’t... 

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References and Further Reading 

1. https://www.britannica.com/science/antigen
2. https://www.britannica.com/science/antibody
3. https://www.britannica.com/science/T-cell
4. https://www.britannica.com/science/B-cell
   britannica.com/science/immune-system/The-nature-of-lymphocytes
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6102609/
6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781455700905000185
7. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/mosquito-borne-disease-vaccine-safe
8. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/how-fluvaccine-made.htm
9. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/why-vaccinate/vaccine-decision.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fparents%2Fvaccine-decision%2Findex.html
10. https://www.immunology.org/celebrate-vaccines/public-engagement/guide-childhood-vaccinations/how-vaccines-work
11. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/test-approve.html
12. https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/publications/WHO_OHE_PED_GIP_2016_1_Annex_2.pdf?ua=1
13. http://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/vaccine-development#
14. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/research/coronavirus-vaccine-research/
15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6156540/
16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944327/
17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/vaccine-development
18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5792371/
19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6238075/
20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5906799/
    cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/prinvac.pdf
21. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/vaccine-types
    who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tech_support/Part-2.pdf
22. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/why-vaccination-is-safe-and-important/
23. https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization#tab=tab_1
24. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/vaccines-and-immunization-what-is-vaccination
25. http://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/how-do-vaccines-work
26. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/the-immune-system#:~:text=The%20immune%20system%20protects%20your,which%20you%20are%20born%20with.
27. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/mosquito-borne-disease-vaccine-safe
28. https://www.pfizer.co.uk/behind-science-what-mrna-vaccine
29. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243
30. https://www.historyofvaccines.org/index.php/content/articles/vaccine-development-testing-and-regulation
31. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/znf3c7h
32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164579/
33. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/529892/how-are-vaccines-made

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