Your Parenting Mojo - Respectful, research-based parenting ideas to help kids thrive
098: Do school shooter trainings help (or hurt) children?
55 min•2 september 2019
Om avsnittet
A few months ago a listener in my own home town reached out because a potentially incendiary device had been found on the elementary school property, and many parents were demanding disaster drill training in response. The listener wanted to know whether there is any research on whether these drills are actually effective in preparing children for these situations, and whether it’s possible that they might actually cause psychological damage.
In this episode we review the (scant) evidence available on drills themselves, and also take a broader look at the kinds of measures used in schools in the name of keeping our children safe – but which may actually have the opposite from intended effect.
Jump to highlights
01:21 Introduction to the topic and Dr. Ben Fisher, researcher on school safety, security, and discipline
02:47 Acknowledging the recent mass shootings before starting the conversation
04:26 Putting school violence in context: schools have gotten safer over the past two decades
07:20 Parental fear versus student fear: why the two groups respond so differently
10:19 The Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994 and the start of zero-tolerance policies
13:56 A study of 850 schools found security cameras had zero effect on crime outcomes
18:49 What research on SROs shows: null to negative effects, especially for low-income students and students of color
21:07 The academic cost: schools with SROs show worse academic outcomes for students
28:07 Diving into lockdown drills, and how thin the research really is
37:55 "Leakage": how averted school shootings usually come down to a student telling a trusted adult
39:22 Social Bond Theory and why strong relationships in school reduce violence and misbehavior
41:08 How security personnel can weaken teacher-student relationships
43:32 Authoritative school climate: fair discipline plus strong relationships lowers fear and victimization
46:03 How zero-tolerance policies disproportionately push out students of color and boost school stats
48:39 Restorative justice: promising in principle, but easy to implement poorly
52:19 Why restorative justice needs to be locally driven
References
Addington, L.A. (2003). Students’ fear after Columbine: Findings from a randomized experiment. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 19(4), 367-387.
Addington, L.A. (2019). Black girls doing time for White boys’ crime? Considering Columbine’s security legacy through an intersectional lens. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 35(3), 296-314.
Addington, L. (2018). The Use of Visible Security Measures in Public Schools: A Review to Summarize Current Literature and Guide Future Research. American University School of Public Affairs Research Paper, (3240204).
American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/zero-tolerance.pdf
Borum, R., Cornell, D.G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S.R. (2010). What can be done about school shootings? A review of the evidence. Educational Researcher 39(1), 27-37.
Bradshaw, C.P., Mitchell, M.M., & Leaf, P.J. (2009). Examining the effects of schoolwide positive behavioral intervention supports on student outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12(3), 133-148.
Daly, M. (2018, February 15). Florida shooter made sick use of school’s active shooter drill. The Daily Beast. Retrieved from https://www.thedailybeast.com/florida-shooter-made-sick-use-of-schools-active-shooter-drill
Dickson, M.J., & Vargo, K.K. (2017). Training kindergarten students lockdown drill procedures using behavioral skills training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 50, 407-412.
Dorn, M.S., & Satterly Jr., S. (n.d.). Fight, flight, or lockdown – Teaching students and staff to attack active shooters could result in decreased casualties or needless deaths. Safe Havens International. Retrieved from https://safehavensinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Fight_Flight_or_Lockdown-Dorn-Satterly.pdf
Fisher, B.W., & Hennessy, E.A. (2016). School Resource Officers and exclusionary discipline in U.S. high schools: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adolescent Research Review 1, 217-233.
Fisher B.W., Mowen, T.J., & Boman IV, J.H. (2018). School security measures in longitudinal trends in adolescents’ experiences of victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47(6), 1221-1237.
Fisher, B.W., Gardella, J.H., & Tanner-Smith, E.E. (2018). Social control in schools: The relationships between school security measures and informal social control mechanisms. Journal of School Violence 18(3), 347-361.
Fisher, B. W., Viano, S., Curran, F. C., Pearman, F. A., & Gardella, J. H. (2018). Students’ Feelings of Safety, Exposure to Violence and Victimization, and Authoritative School Climate. American Journal of Criminal Justice 43(1), 6-25.
Fisher, B.W., Nation M., Nixon, C.T., & McIlroy, S. (2017). Students’ perceptions of safety at school after Sandy Hook. Journal of School Violence 16(4), 349-360.
Fox, J.A., & Fridel, E.E. (2018). The menace of school shootings in America: Panic and overresponse. In H. Shaprio (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Violence in Education: Forms, Factors, and Preventions (p.15-35). Hoboken NJ: Wiley.
Hollander, J.A. (2004). “I can take care of myself”: The impact of self-defense training on women’s lives. Violence Against Women 10(3), 205-235.
Jonson, C.L., Moon, M.M., & Hendry, J.A. (2018). One size does not fit all: Traditional lockdown versus multioption responses to school shootings. Journal of School Violence, 1-13.
Jonson, C.L. (2017). Preventing school shootings: The effectiveness of safety measures. Victims & Offenders 12(6), 956-973.
King, S., & Bracy, N.L. (2019). School security in the post-Columbine era: Trends, consequences, and future directions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 1-22.
Kupchik, A. (2010). Homeroom security: School discipline in the age of fear. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Lankford, A., Adkins, K.G., & Madfis, E. (2019). Are the deadliest mass shootings preventable? An assessment of leakage, information reported to law enforcement, and firearms acquisition prior to attacks in the United States. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 1-27.
Levin, J., & Madfis, E. (2009). Mass murder at school and cumulative strain: A sequential model. American Behavioral Scientist 52(9), 1227-1245.
McCoy, D.C., Raver, C.C., & Sharkey, P. (2015). Children’s cognitive performance and selective attention following recent community violence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56(1), 19-36.
Na, C., & Gottfredson, D.C. (2013). Police officers in schools: Effects on school crime and the processing of offending behaviors. Justice Quarterly 30(4), 619-650.
National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of School Resource Officers (2014, updated 2017). Best practice considerations for schools in active shooter and other armed assailant drills. Retrieved from https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/school-climate-safety-and-crisis/systems-level-prevention/best-practice-considerations-for-schools-in-active-shooter-and-other-armed-assailant-drills
Noguera, P. (2018). In pursuit of our common humanity: The role of education in overcoming the empathy gap and the crisis of connection. In N. Way, A. Ali, C. Gilligan, & P. Noguera (Eds)., The Crisis of Connection: Roots, Consequences, and Solutions (p. 151-172). New York, NY: New York University Press.
Peterson, J., Sackrison, E., & Pollard, a. (2015). Training students to respond to shootings on campus: Is it worth it? Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 2(2), 127-138.
Rider, C.F. (2015). Teachers’ perceptions of their ability to respond to active shooter incidents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/62/
Rygg, L. (2015). School shooting simulations: At what point does preparation become more harmful than helpful? Children’s Legal Rights Journal 35(3), 215-228. Retrieved from http://lawecommons.luc.edu/clrj/vol35/iss3/3
Safe Havens International (2014). Twenty simple strategies to safer and more effective schools. Author. Retrieved from https://safehavensinternational.org/resources/articles/mainereport/
Satterly Jr., S.C. (2014). Report of relative risks of death in U.S. K-12 schools. Safe Havens International. Retrieved from https://safehavensinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Relative_Risks_of_Death_in_US_K-12_Schools.pdf
Tanner-Smith, E.E., Fisher, B.W., Addington, L.A., & Gardella, J.H. (2018). Adding security, but subtracting safety? Exploring schools’ use of multiple visible security measures. American Journal of Criminal Justice 43, 102-119.
Tanner-Smith, E. E., & Fisher, B. W. (2015). Visible school security measures and student academic performance, attendance, and postsecondary aspirations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, in press, 1-16.
Trump, K.S. (2019, April). In support of lockdown. Best’s Review. Retrieved from http://news.ambest.com/ArticleContent.aspx?pc=1009&altsrc=158&refnum=283685
Weisburst, E.K. (2019). Patrolling public schools: The impact of funding for school police on student discipline and long-term education outcomes. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 38(2), 338-365.
Addington, L.A. (2019). Black girls doing time for White boys’ crime? Considering Columbine’s security legacy through an intersectional lens. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 35(3), 296-314.
Addington, L. (2018). The Use of Visible Security Measures in Public Schools: A Review to Summarize Current Literature and Guide Future Research. American University School of Public Affairs Research Paper, (3240204).
American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/zero-tolerance.pdf
Borum, R., Cornell, D.G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S.R. (2010). What can be done about school shootings? A review of the evidence. Educational Researcher 39(1), 27-37.
Bradshaw, C.P., Mitchell, M.M., & Leaf, P.J. (2009). Examining the effects of schoolwide positive behavioral intervention supports on student outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12(3), 133-148.
Daly, M. (2018, February 15). Florida shooter made sick use of school’s active shooter drill. The Daily Beast. Retrieved from https://www.thedailybeast.com/florida-shooter-made-sick-use-of-schools-active-shooter-drill
Dickson, M.J., & Vargo, K.K. (2017). Training kindergarten students lockdown drill procedures using behavioral skills training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 50, 407-412.
Dorn, M.S., & Satterly Jr., S. (n.d.). Fight, flight, or lockdown – Teaching students and staff to attack active shooters could result in decreased casualties or needless deaths. Safe Havens International. Retrieved from https://safehavensinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Fight_Flight_or_Lockdown-Dorn-Satterly.pdf
Fisher, B.W., & Hennessy, E.A. (2016). School Resource Officers and exclusionary discipline in U.S. high schools: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adolescent Research Review 1, 217-233.
Fisher B.W., Mowen, T.J., & Boman IV, J.H. (2018). School security measures in longitudinal trends in adolescents’ experiences of victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47(6), 1221-1237.
Fisher, B.W., Gardella, J.H., & Tanner-Smith, E.E. (2018). Social control in schools: The relationships between school security measures and informal social control mechanisms. Journal of School Violence 18(3), 347-361.
Fisher, B. W., Viano, S., Curran, F. C., Pearman, F. A., & Gardella, J. H. (2018). Students’ Feelings of Safety, Exposure to Violence and Victimization, and Authoritative School Climate. American Journal of Criminal Justice 43(1), 6-25.
Fisher, B.W., Nation M., Nixon, C.T., & McIlroy, S. (2017). Students’ perceptions of safety at school after Sandy Hook. Journal of School Violence 16(4), 349-360.
Fox, J.A., & Fridel, E.E. (2018). The menace of school shootings in America: Panic and overresponse. In H. Shaprio (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Violence in Education: Forms, Factors, and Preventions (p.15-35). Hoboken NJ: Wiley.
Hollander, J.A. (2004). “I can take care of myself”: The impact of self-defense training on women’s lives. Violence Against Women 10(3), 205-235.
Jonson, C.L., Moon, M.M., & Hendry, J.A. (2018). One size does not fit all: Traditional lockdown versus multioption responses to school shootings. Journal of School Violence, 1-13.
Jonson, C.L. (2017). Preventing school shootings: The effectiveness of safety measures. Victims & Offenders 12(6), 956-973.
King, S., & Bracy, N.L. (2019). School security in the post-Columbine era: Trends, consequences, and future directions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 1-22.
Kupchik, A. (2010). Homeroom security: School discipline in the age of fear. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Lankford, A., Adkins, K.G., & Madfis, E. (2019). Are the deadliest mass shootings preventable? An assessment of leakage, information reported to law enforcement, and firearms acquisition prior to attacks in the United States. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 1-27.
Levin, J., & Madfis, E. (2009). Mass murder at school and cumulative strain: A sequential model. American Behavioral Scientist 52(9), 1227-1245.
McCoy, D.C., Raver, C.C., & Sharkey, P. (2015). Children’s cognitive performance and selective attention following recent community violence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56(1), 19-36.
Na, C., & Gottfredson, D.C. (2013). Police officers in schools: Effects on school crime and the processing of offending behaviors. Justice Quarterly 30(4), 619-650.
National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of School Resource Officers (2014, updated 2017). Best practice considerations for schools in active shooter and other armed assailant drills. Retrieved from https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/school-climate-safety-and-crisis/systems-level-prevention/best-practice-considerations-for-schools-in-active-shooter-and-other-armed-assailant-drills
Noguera, P. (2018). In pursuit of our common humanity: The role of education in overcoming the empathy gap and the crisis of connection. In N. Way, A. Ali, C. Gilligan, & P. Noguera (Eds)., The Crisis of Connection: Roots, Consequences, and Solutions (p. 151-172). New York, NY: New York University Press.
Peterson, J., Sackrison, E., & Pollard, a. (2015). Training students to respond to shootings on campus: Is it worth it? Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 2(2), 127-138.
Rider, C.F. (2015). Teachers’ perceptions of their ability to respond to active shooter incidents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/62/
Rygg, L. (2015). School shooting simulations: At what point does preparation become more harmful than helpful? Children’s Legal Rights Journal 35(3), 215-228. Retrieved from http://lawecommons.luc.edu/clrj/vol35/iss3/3
Safe Havens International (2014). Twenty simple strategies to safer and more effective schools. Author. Retrieved from https://safehavensinternational.org/resources/articles/mainereport/
Satterly Jr., S.C. (2014). Report of relative risks of death in U.S. K-12 schools. Safe Havens International. Retrieved from https://safehavensinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Relative_Risks_of_Death_in_US_K-12_Schools.pdf
Tanner-Smith, E.E., Fisher, B.W., Addington, L.A., & Gardella, J.H. (2018). Adding security, but subtracting safety? Exploring schools’ use of multiple visible security measures. American Journal of Criminal Justice 43, 102-119.
Tanner-Smith, E. E., & Fisher, B. W. (2015). Visible school security measures and student academic performance, attendance, and postsecondary aspirations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, in press, 1-16.
Trump, K.S. (2019, April). In support of lockdown. Best’s Review. Retrieved from http://news.ambest.com/ArticleContent.aspx?pc=1009&altsrc=158&refnum=283685
Weisburst, E.K. (2019). Patrolling public schools: The impact of funding for school police on student discipline and long-term education outcomes. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 38(2), 338-365.
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