ELI5 Cancer - How do medical professionals break down the various stages? How does “normal” cancer differ from terminal cancer?

How do medical professionals determine whether cancer is terminal or not? How are the stages broken down? How does “normal” cancer differ from terminal cancer?

... We explain like i'm five!

Thank you to the r/explainlikeimfive community, and specifically the following reddit users whose questions and responses formed the basis of this conversation: leapoz, reefshadow, macluawn, kterps220, med_throw_away_, idahurr, drdiesalot & bkwrmi

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