ELI5 Encryption - is your browsing activity visible to your ISP?

What can your Internet Service Provider see when you use an encrypted connection? How about when you don’t? What does RSA stand for? Why is prime factorization the mathematical basis for cryptography and encryption?

... we explain like I'm five

Thank you to the r/explainlikeimfive community and in particular the following users whose questions and comments formed the basis of this discussion: maxbondoc, chaseshaw, lem72, ballisntlife, audigex, xanhou, liam_san123, loki-l, ollimatrix and burried_treasure

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