Autism Is Not One Thing: Subtypes and How to Determine Your Child's Subtype

In this episode, I'm taking you inside one of the most important shifts happening in autism science right now: subtyping. I walk you through the latest research on why autism is best understood as many different conditions under one umbrella, not a single biology with a single path. We look at a landmark 2025 study from Princeton, published in Nature Genetics, that identified four distinct subtypes of autism across more than 5,000 children, each with shared behavioral profiles and shared genetics. I also cover biological subtypes including mitochondrial dysfunction (which my team at Columbia was the first to identify directly in the brain) and maternal autoantibody-related autism (MAR autism), an immune-driven subtype studied extensively by Dr. Judy Van de Water at UC Davis.

This episode is for you if: you've been told your child "has autism" but no one has helped you understand what kind, your child's profile doesn't seem to match other autistic children you've met and you want to know why, you want to understand the genetics and biology behind your child's development, or you're looking for a science-backed framework that goes beyond one-size-fits-all treatment.

Throughout, I want you to remember: understanding your child's biology is not about finding something wrong. Every child, with autism or without, is their own unique subtype, and the journey we are on is to understand them more deeply so we can support their unique path to thriving.