SciShow Tangents

Is a dream really a wish your heart makes? Or is it just that your brain is an organ that never really turns off? What do your dreams even mean??? These are just some of the perplexing questions this episode posed to us and our special return guest, Trace Dominguez!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Definition]

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2814941/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-control-dreams/  

[The Scientific Definition]

Dreambooks

https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/67/vandegrift.php#:~:text=Popular%20in%20Europe%20since%20antiquity,game%20then%20sweeping%20Northeastern%20cities.

https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092158/http://www.eastm.org/index.php/journal/article/viewFile/146/134

https://www.obafemio.com/uploads/5/1/4/2/5142021/dream_interpretation_in_ancient_china.pdf

Incubation

https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5j49p06s&chunk.id=d0e2624&toc.id=&brand=ucpress#:~:text=Common%20throughout%20all%20antiquity%2C%20the,some%20divinely%20inspired%20dream%20vision.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/dream-sleep-experience/Dreams-as-a-source-of-divination#ref984709

https://www.dreamscience.ca/en/documents/New%20content/incubation/Incubation%20overview%20for%20website%20updated.pdf

Ominous-Vapor Watcher

https://www.obafemio.com/uploads/5/1/4/2/5142021/dream_interpretation_in_ancient_china.pdf

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zhouli

[Trivia Question]

Rapid eye movement (REM) saccade speed

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780080450469010895

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01551.x

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03008.x

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9406327/

[Fact Off]

Approximating dreams with generative AI

https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/heres-how-ai-could-soon-decode-your-dreams

Lucid dreaming and the effects of video games on dreams

https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/2017/1/nix009/3859602

https://theconversation.com/im-a-lucid-dream-researcher-heres-how-to-train-your-brain-to-do-it-118901

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-00817-001

https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F1053-0797.16.2.96

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-00817-001

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-19013-002

https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/21/5330636/video-games-effect-on-dreams

[Ask the Science Couch]

Neuroscience of fever dreams 

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3830719/

https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/IJoDR/article/view/28492

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6997236/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033318268718077?via%3Dihub

https://www.accjournal.org/journal/view.php?number=1528

Patreon bonus: Recurring dream content and possible psychology

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-23497-001

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonio-Zadra/publication/232509978_Recurrent_dreams_Their_relation_to_life_events/links/53d673f10cf220632f3da1f7/Recurrent-dreams-Their-relation-to-life-events.pdf  

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810005000772?casa_token=Dofy4I_w2PsAAAAA:DdZ6qAtKJiS6OEE3Iu8pETHldBs5n1SH3lvSQl6WuCNVv9Xi8v09wuR9bWki5YROcyKWXAZ3CcN3

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01812/full

https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/ajp.134.12.1335

[Butt One More Thing]

Psychoanalyst Hans Thorner documenting a patient who dreamed of butt spiders

https://bgsp.edu/app/uploads/2014/12/Blechner-M-Patients-dreams-and-the-countertransference.pdf

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429477546-12/three-defences-inner-persecution-hans-thorner

Now you see it, now you don't - this episode is a true trick for the senses as we uncover the hidden wonders of Camouflage! From human ingenuity (?) to animal creativity, misdirection and subterfuge abound in this episode, so keep your eyes peeled, it's not one you'll want to miss!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This, That, or the Other: Disappearing Acts]

Stripes painted on ships and planes

Painting planes pink

Yehudi lights on planes

https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol19/tnm_19_171-192.pdf

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1634902/

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/552503/the-secret-lives-of-color-by-kassia-st-clair/

https://books.google.com/books?id=heS0lbYrpAwC&pg=PA56&dq=yehudi+lights&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHg8TLg6KJAxX5DkQIHUDFHHcQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=yehudi%20lights&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=DUkl5bH6k6EC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698902002675#:~:text=In%20the%20Purkinje%20shift%2C%20the,versus%20red%20into%20apparent%20motion.

[Trivia Question]

Color combinations of Bargibant's pygmy seahorses

https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Hippocampus-bargibanti

https://oceana.org/marine-life/pygmy-seahorse/

https://owlcation.com/stem/Camouflage-in-Animals-Pygmy-Seahorses

[Fact Off]

Trashline orb-weaver spiders that build self-portraits for camouflage https://web.archive.org/web/20160829062900/http://blog.perunature.com:80/2012/12/new-species-of-decoy-spider-likely.html

https://phys.org/news/2012-12-species-spider-fake-decoys.html

https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/trashline-orbweavers

https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-abstract/10/4/372/2252323

Picture examples of stabilimenta: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilimentum

Tricking mice with scent camouflage by adding too much wheat smell

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abe4164

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01127-3

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/camouflaging-wheat-smell-pest-control

[Ask the Science Couch]

Color-changing biology in invertebrates like octopuses vs. vertebrates like chameleons

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5804272/

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7368

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1039/c0pp00199f

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/how-octopuses-and-squids-change-color

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2936158/

Patreon bonus: Non-visual-spectrum camouflage or other senses 

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.860137

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2008.0228

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00049-004-0274-4

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2019.0183

[Butt One More Thing]

Caterpillars, spiders, and moths that camouflage themselves as bird poop

https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/citrus/giantswallowtail.htm

https://nhpbs.org/natureworks/viceroy.htm

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28124-zoologger-a-spider-that-looks-and-smells-like-bird-droppings/

https://australian.museum/learn/animals/spiders/bird-dropping-spider/

https://boingboing.net/2019/11/14/macrocilix-maia-a-moth-that-e.html

From one to four to none at all, stomachs enjoy a stunning variety across all the creatures who have (or don't have) them. And with our stomachs all happily full of spooky month treats, we thought it was the perfect time to learn all about this weird, wobbly, wonderful organ.

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This, That, or the Other: Stomachs ROCK]

Bird with over 1% of their total body weight of gastroliths

Aquatic animal helps control buoyancy by swallowing silt 

Animal eats its exoskeleton that stores calcium in stomach

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8342792/#bib0037

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6549149_No_gastric_mill_in_sauropod_dinosaurs_New_evidence_from_analysis_of_gastrolith_mass_and_function_in_ostriches

https://bonndoc.ulb.uni-bonn.de/xmlui/handle/20.500.11811/2110

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4098635

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26818557/

[Trivia Question]

Mammal species without stomachs

https://www.livescience.com/41661-why-platypus-wont-regain-stomach.html

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.2669

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-the-platypus-and-a-quarter-of-fishes-lost-their-stomachs

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/vertebratediversity/monotremes.html

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=A5Rzx7yeh7c

[Fact Off]

Ghost crabs use their stomach teeth (gastric mills) to growl

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.1161

https://www.science.org/content/article/listen-ghost-crab-frighten-away-enemies-its-stomach-rumbles

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/sep/11/ghost-crabs-use-teeth-in-stomachs-to-growl-at-predators

Someone ate a shrew to study what human digestion does to rodent bones 

[Ask the Science Couch]

Borborygmus and the biology of stomach rumbles  

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-your-stomach-gro/

https://www.etymonline.com/word/borborygmus

https://www.nature.com/articles/nrgastro.2012.57

https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00212.2015

Patreon bonus: Stomach and brain communication for hunger/satiety (or other things) 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174087/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555906/

https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00448.2003

https://www.livescience.com/health/food-diet/does-it-really-take-20-minutes-to-realize-youre-full

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/693111

[Butt One More Thing]

Florida carpenter ants swallow their own formic acid to help protect their stomachs

https://elifesciences.org/articles/60287

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/491275

There's a chill in the air and a shudder in our bones...it's Spooky Month! Come along with us on a treacherous journey full of mischief, mayhem, and many marvelously mysterious guests! Steady yourself, for who knows what frights lurk around the corner...

Alas, our frightful fiends and friends, Spooky Month has nearly run its course - but not until we go out with a bang with our final ghoulish guest, Tom Lum! Join as we dare to tread amongst the creatures who belong to the night...nocturnal animals!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This, That, or the Other: Boys’ Night Out]

Male animals float and call out to females

https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Pseudis_paradoxa%20-%20Paradoxical%20Frog.pdf

Animals in ritualistic sparring matches for several hours

https://echidnawalkabout.com.au/how-kangaroos-fight/

Patrolling perimeter and building up poop piles

https://www.britannica.com/animal/kiwi-bird

https://www.livescience.com/57813-kiwi-facts.html

[Truth or Fail Express]

Hedgehogs inflate like a balloon

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-68833432

https://www.livescience.com/59994-balloon-syndrome-hedgehog.html

Bandicoots spin to defend themselves 

https://crashbandicoot.fandom.com/wiki/Spin

https://www2.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/native-animals/native-animal-facts/land-mammals/bandicoots

Tasmanian devils are soothed by music

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducking_the_Devil

https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/tasmanian-devil

https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/wildlife/2017/08/native-animals-should-be-renamed-with-their-aboriginal-names/

Pygmy tarsiers / gremlins rotating their heads

https://www.wired.com/2015/01/absurd-creature-of-the-week-tarsier/

https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-tarsier/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Vitamin D chemistry and nocturnal animals

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56061/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8538717/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7761812/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12899852/

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00722.x

https://www.mdpi.com/2571-841X/3/1/1

Patreon bonus: Teenage humans sleeping habits shifted towards night

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820578/

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/07420528.2023.2265480

https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/10/among-teens-sleep-deprivation-an-epidemic.html

https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/134/3/642/74175/School-Start-Times-for-Adolescents

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6084759/

[Butt One More Thing]

Bats with false butts (but some sort of muscle)

https://www.instagram.com/batworldsanctuary/p/DAbKf45RDjW/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mexican_free-tailed_bat_(8006850693).jpg

There's a chill in the air and a shudder in our bones...it's Spooky Month! Come along with us on a treacherous journey full of mischief, mayhem, and many marvelously mysterious guests! Steady yourself, for who knows what frights lurk around the corner...

Our next shocking mystery friend to join us is none other than Dylan Marron! Tread the floorboards of Tangents Manor with us in pursuit of the truth behind fortune-telling and future-predicting as we examine Psychics! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This, That, or the Other: Crystal Ball]

Weather forecast predictions

https://www.noaa.gov/stories/6-tools-our-meteorologists-use-to-forecast-weather

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-you-trust-farmers-almanacs-weather-predictions/

Flu shot planning

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/vaccine-selection.htm

Short-term volcanic eruption prediction

https://volcano.si.edu/faq/index.cfm?question=eruptionforecast

https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/24650/chapter/6

[The Scientific Definition]

Spirit trumpet

https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-SPR-TRUMPET/1

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/spirit-trumpets-dead-speak

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/for-harry-houdini-seances-and-spiritualism-were-just-an-illusion-180978944/

The Barnum effect

http://apsychoserver.psych.arizona.edu/JJBAReprints/PSYC621/Forer_The%20fallacy%20of%20personal%20validation_1949.pdf

https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104425651

https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00271.x

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1977-21271-001

Table-turning

https://fisherdigitus.library.utoronto.ca/exhibits/show/psychical-research-collection/tabletalkingandtableturning/tabletalkingandtableturningboo

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52954-2_6

https://www.ria.ie/blog/table-turning-a-victorian-fad/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Neuroscience or psychology explanations for deja vu 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-005-0677-3

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4251874/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053810012000049

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420423/

https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/the-psychology-of-deja-vu.html

https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/deja-vu

Patreon bonus: Brain-computer interfaces and using technology to detect thoughts

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497935/

https://www.theverge.com/2015/5/21/8639905/brain-control-robot-arm-paralyzed-quadriplegic

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaa5417

https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/5/4/23708162/neurotechnology-mind-reading-brain-neuralink-brain-computer-interface

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-023-01304-9

[Butt One More Thing]

Scatomancy pseudoscience vs. fecal tests run by gastroenterologists

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/scatomancer_n_4309974

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000704.htm

https://www.columbiadoctors.org/news/how-know-your-colon-healthy

There's a chill in the air and a shudder in our bones...it's Spooky Month! Come along with us on a treacherous journey full of mischief, mayhem, and many marvelously mysterious guests! Steady yourself, for who knows what frights lurk around the corner...

In our first Spooky Month episode we dare to venture into the cold, dark world of caves. Joining us on our search for hidden knowledge deep within the earth is the estimably terrifying Brennan Lee Mulligan! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This, That, or the Other: Deep Trouble]

Optymistychna Cave in Ukraine

Plura Cave in Norway

Veryovkina Cave in Georgia (the country)

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-36097300

https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/veryovkina-cave-deepest

https://mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals-database/gypsum/

https://saltworkconsultants.com/downloads/31.%20Dissolution%202-%20Caves.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262182704_Fractal_dimensions_of_cave_for_exemplary_gypsum_cave-mazes_of_Western_Ukraine

https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/handle/1956/10413?locale-attribute=en https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-97292-3_9 https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2499&context=ijs

[The Gauntlet]

Madagascar cave graveyard

Armenia wine cave

Bosnia & Herzegovina cave barely moving animal

Devil’s Hole cave in Nevada

Cheese storage caves in the U.S.

Mexico cave with giant formations

[Ask the Science Couch]

Science of cave climate in cheese/wine production 

https://www.wineenthusiast.com/culture/wine/underground-wine-caves-good/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214289419306088#

https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/missouri-cheese-caves-history

https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/us-stockpile-cheese-missouri-caves/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213329116300260

Patreon bonus: “Subsurface access points” or caves in non-Earth places like the Moon and Mars

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/astrogeology-science-center/news/caves-across-solar-system

https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/what-we-do/applications/subsurface-access/

https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/lunar-pits-could-shelter-astronauts-reveal-details-of-how-man-in-the-moon-formed/  

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02302-y.epdf 

[Butt One More Thing]

Indigenous Caribbean cave art from 1200-1400s, carved from moonmilk or painted using guano compounds

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440317301413?via%3Dihub

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-05389-8

Get ready for a stomach-turning, heart-pounding, gravity-defying thrill ride as we plummet down, up, and all around the amazing world of roller coasters! We're joined by legendary podcaster, YouTuber, and roller coaster fanatic Tom Scott who wows us with his encyclopedic knowledge of these engineering marvels. So take a deep breath, strap in, and keep all your limbs inside the ride until the episode comes to a complete stop! Oh, and have fun!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This, That, or the Other: All Downhill from Here]

https://www.goldreefcity.co.za/theme-park/rides-and-attractions/tower-of-terror/

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170005323/downloads/20170005323.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7663089/

https://www.ferrariworldabudhabi.com/en/rides/formula-rossa/worlds-fastest-rollercoaster

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8pJiV44hVM

https://www.iaapa.org/news/funworld/tmnt-shellraiser

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3281645/

https://www.powermotiontech.com/hydraulics/accumulators/article/21883506/want-thrills-go-with-hydraulics

[Trivia Question]

Annual deaths in roller coaster accidents in the United States

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1730261

https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-victims

https://www.cpsc.gov/cgibin/NEISSQuery/Data/Info%20Docs/2023%20NEISS%20Coding%20Manual.pdf

​​https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/2023-Fireworks-Annual-Report.pdf?VersionId=61twx_Y4c5dkn6MhfDIT7QhGg2T6Gf1q

https://www.uspa.org/discover/faqs/safety

[Fact Off]

Riding roller coasters can help reduce perception of breathlessness/dyspnea

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0005796706001653

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0954611106003209

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1191/1479972306cd110ra?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed

Riding in the back of Big Thunder Mountain Railroad can help dislodge kidney stones

[Ask the Science Couch]

Roller coaster stomach drop feeling and the enteric nervous system

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7495222/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/

https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/good-question-why-does-your-stomach-drop-on-a-roller-coaster/

https://www.visitkingsisland.com/blog/2020/may/roller-coaster-terminology-101

Patreon bonus: Motion sickness and relation to age

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539706/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4906308/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11135238/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6241144/

[Butt One More Thing]

Dog-fart-themed steel roller coaster in Denmark’s BonBon-Land

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/624229/take-virtual-ride-hundeprutterutchebane-denmarks-infamous-dog-fart-rollercoaster

https://www.southzealand-mon.com/BonBon-Land

The knowledge of our couch of finely-honed scientific minds didn't pop out of the ground fully-formed - it had to be planted, tended, and grown lovingly over a long period of time to flower into the beautiful curiosity tree it is today. But like so much of life, it started as just a tiny, humble seed - which is super convenient for the topic of this episode!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Definition]

https://www.nybg.org/planttalk/what-is-a-seed/

https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2020.00027

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/female-gametophyte

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/male-gametophyte

[This or That: Seed Numbers]

25: seed weight or germination time

2000: preserved species or oldest germinated seed

385 million: individual Amazonian trees or oldest seed-producing fossilized plant

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2012/687832

https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/science/12/chap5.htm

https://www.seedvault.no/about/the-seeds/

https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1153600

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/708279

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309767/

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1102491

https://web.archive.org/web/20130608110356/http://sura.ots.ac.cr/local/florula3/docs/Hura.pdf

https://www.britannica.com/story/can-apple-seeds-kill-you

[Trivia Question]

2024 record for smallest creature to disperse ingested seeds 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1042977

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.10519

https://bantam.earth/common-rough-woodlouse-porcellio-scaber/

[Fact Off]

HybriBots are a cyborg way to plant seeds, made from wild oats and human-made capsules

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adma.202313906  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34506974/

Video of wild oat fruits: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlUparIDfzE

Human urine does not protect acorns against predation by the wood mouse

[Ask the Science Couch]

Heirloom seeds and non-recently-hybridized plant cultivars (vs. hybrids vs. genetic modifications)

https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/heirloom-vegetables/

https://extension.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/dkk-mg-seed-swap-hybrid-heirloom.pdf

https://ag.umass.edu/home-lawn-garden/fact-sheets/heirloom-vegetable-varieties

https://extension.illinois.edu/node/21430

https://hles.unl.edu/translating-language-seed-packets-hybrid-heirloom-non-gmo-and-more

https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/gmo-crops-animal-food-and-beyond

Patreon bonus: How seeds germinate and seeds that grow better after being digested

https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/4/462

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.00973.x

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1433831904700104

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1667

[Butt One More Thing]

Mysterious tomato plant on the volcanic island Surtsey came from a seed in human poop

https://www.icelandreview.com/news/dirty-secret-uncovered-doing-business-surtsey/

https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1267/

Here in the remote vistas of the Tangents jungle, observe a group of mighty science communicators expertly stalking their primary prey: knowledge. Ever so tantalizing to behold, knowledge lounges in the shade of a fern, oblivious to the danger sneaking up behind it, ready to strike at a moment's notice! Truly, these must be the most fearsome of all predators!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This, That, or the Other: Munch Squad]

Barnacle and crab-eating animal in North American oceans

Bird-eating ungulate in captivity 

Small mammal that ate raptor’s meat meal instead of being eaten

https://new.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/29-01_Courbis.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340941147_Do_lowland_tapirs_Tapirus_terrestris_eat_meat_Evidence_of_carnivory_in_a_large_South_American_herbivore

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-015-0980-y

https://bioone.org/journals/annals-of-the-entomological-society-of-america/volume-105/issue-1/AN11057/Opportunistic-Carnivory-by-Romalea-microptera-Orthoptera-Acrididae/10.1603/AN11057.short

[Fact Off]

Late-stage bamboo shark embryos have electroreception within their egg case 

Collaborative hunting gestures in coral reef residents (e.g. groupers or coral trout and moray eels)

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2781

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(14)00885-9

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2013/04/24/groupers-use-gestures-to-recruit-morays-for-hunting-team-ups/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants in the food web (including humans)

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/toxic-killer-whales

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722022549  

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10212926/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021002671

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-013-1722-x

https://www.acs.org/pressroom/tiny-matters/plastic-micro-plastic-everywhere-what-does-it-do-and-why-should-we-care.html

Patreon bonus: Sharks have cartilaginous skeletons 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557576/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944200606000080?via%3Dihub

https://magazine.scienceconnected.org/2015/12/preserving-soft-skeleton-backs-without-bones/

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jfb.14444

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/221/24/jeb188318/20570/Mechanical-behavior-of-shark-vertebral-centra-at

[Butt One More Thing]

Coprolites show that Smok wawelski (an archosaur from the Late Triassic) was eating bones

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37540-4

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/838032

For those who want a megadose of Tangents shenanigans, this compilation is for you! In the many seasons of Tangents we've covered lots of interconnected topics, and now you can listen to them back-to-back like the best podcast many-feature ever. This compilation has been handcrafted from premium ingredients, sifted and whisked together with care, and baked to podcast easy listening perfection. Bon Appetite! 

Original episodes: 

S1 E5 - Eggs, original airdate: December 11, 2018 

S2 E18 - Sugar, original airdate: March 10, 2020 

S2 E26 - Salt, original airdate: May 5, 2020 

S2 E38 - Milk, original airdate: August 18, 2020 

S3 E44 - Yeast, original airdate: January 18, 2022 

Sources for each episode can be found in the descriptions of the original episodes. 

Want more SciShow Tangents? Check out hundreds more episodes of our podcast here: https://scishow-tangents.simplecast.com, or wherever you get your podcasts! 

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! 

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to find great SciShow Tangents merch! 

A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible! 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

From our episode on Sweat, here's Ceri's brilliant rendition of "Why Do We Sweat?"

This song is a parody of Rusted Root's "Send Me On My Way."

Lyrics: Ceri Riley

Music: Joseph "Tuna" Metesh

Some are itchy, some are painful, some go totally unnoticed by us every single day...bugs have such variety in the ways they chomp, some chomps aren't even from bug mouths, but from bug butts! Join us while we debate, query, and learn all we can about the wide world of bug bites.

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This, That, or the Other: These Ouches Are No Slouches]

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cla.12103

https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/10878/sting-wild

[Trivia Question]

Size of giant toe-biting water bugs found in Cyprus

https://travaux.pensoft.net/article/94457/

https://www.livescience.com/animals/insects/giant-toe-biter-water-bugs-discovered-in-cyprus-for-the-1st-time

https://blog.abchomeandcommercial.com/do-water-bugs-bite/

https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/03/20/massive-bug-sighted-keep-your-toes-out-of-the-water/

[Fact Off]

Epomis beetle larvae and adults eat frogs as role-reversal predators

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0025161

Bumble bees bite plant leaves to make them flower early

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay0496

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bumblebees-bite-plants-to-force-them-to-flower-seriously/

https://wisconsinbumblebees.entomology.wisc.edu/about-bumble-bees/life-cycle-and-development/

https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/67/17/4925/2197656

[Ask the Science Couch]

Causes of itchiness and how calamine lotion / zinc oxide works

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4862869/

https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/how-stop-bug-bites-itching

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9532860/

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02090/full

https://jsstd.org/calamine-lotion/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4120804/

Patreon bonus: Bugs with big mandibles or bite marks (even if they rarely bite humans)

https://pukaha.org.nz/the-wacky-world-of-new-zealand-weta/

https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2995

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/stag-beetles.html

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/217/7/1065/13119/Biomechanical-determinants-of-bite-force

https://www.nps.gov/articles/giant-water-bug.htm

[Butt One More Thing]

Beaded lacewing (Lomamyia latipennis) larvae paralyze termites with farts before eating them

https://www.wired.com/2015/06/silent-deadly-fatal-farts-immobilize-prey/

https://www.nature.com/articles/289506a0

Woo boy! It's hot out there, why don't ya grab a nice glass of ice cold lemonade and listen in on everything you did and didn't want to learn about sweat. Are humans the sweatiest of them all? Do fish sweat? What lives in the ecosystem between two people holding hands for the first time? What is it all even for!??

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

Sources: 

[Truth or Fail]

Sweat sucking spiders supplementing salts 

Polar bears follow sweaty paw paths in search for love

A new bacteria-infecting cure for extra stinky sweaty feet 

[Trivia Question]

NASA’s ECOSTRESS measures evapotranspiration aka plant sweating

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/ecosystem-spaceborne-thermal-radiometer-experiment-on-space-station-ecostress

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/watching-plants-water-use-is-no-sweat-for-ecostress

[Fact Off]

Charles Blagden experiments with “super-sauna” that cooked steak but made humans sweat

https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/experiments-and-observations-in-a-heated-room-1774/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/106218?seq=1

https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/

Antiperspirant made with propylene glycol that evaporates your sweat before it leaves the ducts

[Ask the Science Couch]

Non-water stuff in eccrine sweat (salt, urea, hormones, etc.)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773238/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12817713/

https://www.penn.museum/sites/bulletin/1733/

https://ontarioarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/oa048-02_macdonald.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5941775/

Patreon bonus: Effects of stress/emotion on sweat composition and smell

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9518869/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246182/

[Butt One More Thing]

Treating hyperhidrosis in the perianal region with botox

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8436621/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11172190/

This summer's hottest North American bug is without question, the cicada. They've got everything: neon-colored wing veins, bendy-straw-style exoskeletons, an insatiable thirst for tree goo, and after 17 years of napping, they're bursting out of the ground ready to par-tay!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This or That: Cicadas or the Beatles]

https://www.science.org/content/article/secret-cicadas-chirp

https://cicadas.uconn.edu/behavior/

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/698019

Algorithm to measure song changes over time

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/500262

https://www.science.org/content/article/computer-charts-evolution-beatles

Test signals in fiber optic cables

https://entomologytoday.org/2023/12/04/broadband-buzz-periodical-cicadas-chorus-measured-fiber-optic-cables/

https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/23/6/3/7425398?login=false

Female flies responding to songs

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4932889/

https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/science/cicadas-are-the-barry-white-of-the-insect-world/

Eroom’s Law principle related to drug development

https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/eroom-s-law

https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bmb.21617

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroom%27s_law

[Trivia Question]

Bird hunting caterpillars on emergence and non-emergence years

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi7426

https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/24148209/cicadas-2024-periodical-brood-eat-ecosystem-impact

[Fact Off]

Brown bears digging up cicada nymphs in Japanese human-planted forests

https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/86161

https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjz-2020-0222

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4266

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1036064

Cicadas pee in a very mammal-like stream

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-cicadas-power-spray-their-pee/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Cicada sound production using the tymbal, stridulation, or wing impacts

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4279

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/198/4/1001/6996/The-Role-of-the-Tymbal-in-Cicada-Sound-Production

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118554

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/151/1/41/5697/Do-Cicadas-Radiate-Sound-through-their-Ear-Drums

Patreon bonus: Periodical cicadas emerge after 13 or 17 (prime numbers) years

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2406585

https://www.livescience.com/14238-southern-cicadas-emerge-exact-prime-number-cycles.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690011/

https://cicadas.uconn.edu/

[Butt One More Thing]

Cicada nymph anal liquid is adhesive and mucus-like

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044523104700686

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2rax3CKoj8

It wouldn't be Pride at Tangents if we weren't getting into some science! We're joined by Owen Ever and Laine Kaplan-Levenson, the hosts of a new show from news outlet Canadaland called "Field Guide to Gay Animals." Our conversation ranged far and wide across a myriad of ways queerness is expressed in the animal world and the challenges and joys of studying it. 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Sources:

[Truth or Fail Express]

Sequentially hermaphroditic shrimp

https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/eeblog/2020/12/01/sequential-hermaphroditism-or-why-to-be-wary-of-frog-dna/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/oceans-rising-acidity-could-impact-shrimps-early-sex-reversal-180972521/

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218238

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355179232_Protandric_Transcriptomes_to_Uncover_Parts_of_the_Crustacean_Sex-Differentiation_Puzzle

Nudibranch with male and female sex organs

https://www.livescience.com/27065-sea-slug-uses-disposable-penis.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639767/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10164-018-0562-z?wt

Sparrows with white or tan stripes and functionally four genders

https://www.audubon.org/news/the-fascinating-and-complicated-sex-lives-white-throated-sparrows

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7725849/

[This or That: Bird or Bug?]

Male-male duo that dances together to attract a mate (blue-backed manakin)

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51171525#page/225/mode/1up

https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/18/1/21/209396

Male-male pair that takes over a male-female pair’s nest (Japanese termites)

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/680968

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347216301233

Mating-related injuries on both male and female specimens (dragonflies)

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16252041#page/48/mode/1up

[Ask the Science Couch]

History of sexual diversity in animals documented or not in zoology (e.g. Adelie penguins)

https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/1/1/6568055

https://www.penguinscience.com/reprints/10%20Russell.pdf

http://www.italian-journal-of-mammalogy.it/pdf-77304-13455?filename=Same_sex%20sexual%20behaviour.pdf

[Butt One More Thing]

Aristotle’s History of Animals mentions female pigeons laying wind-eggs after same-sex sexual behavior

https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/history_anim.6.vi.html

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/found-an-egg-with-no-yolk

It's all right there on the tin - this episode is BANANAS. And not just because we have the most guests we've ever had in Tangents history. Not even just because one of them is a super special surprise RETURN friend of the pod. And not even because we check out some flowers that are way more uncomfortable to look at than you think. No, this episode is bananas because we're talking about (you guessed it) bananas!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

[Truth or Fail Express]

Banana peel pasta

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022023325

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/08/220809141224.htm

Banana peel perfume adherent

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132323007679

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021229177&origin=inward&txGid=4b400d048de28231cfb5cce2c0ee924a

Banana peel water filtration

https://www.acs.org/pressroom/presspacs/2011/acs-presspac-april-13-2011/banana-peels-get-a-second-life-as-water-purifier.html

https://www.livescience.com/13276-banana-peels-filter-toxic-metals.html

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ie101499e

[This or That: Yellow or Not Yellow?]

Banana fiddler crab

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-020-02899-w

Image: https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/753425

Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Austruca_mjoebergi_coenobita.jpg

Banana galaxies 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.15232

Nokia 8110 aka the “banana phone” 

https://www.mobilephonemuseum.com/phone-detail/nokia-8110

https://www.mobilephonemuseum.com/phone-detail/hmd-global-nokia-8110-4g

Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_8110.jpg

Image of 4G: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_8110_4G.png

[Ask the Science Couch]

Commercial banana cultivar genetics and Fusarium wilt or other disease risks

https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article-abstract/4/1/87/588827

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0154448

https://journals.ashs.org/horttech/view/journals/horttech/31/6/article-p838.xml

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/01/11/462375558/our-favorite-banana-may-be-doomed-can-new-varieties-replace-it

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01670-6

[Butt One More Thing]

Honey bee alarm pheromones contain the banana flavor isoamyl acetate

https://www.nature.com/articles/1951018b0

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.2653

It may seem like cloning really only shows up regularly in science fiction, but it turns out, it's been a sneaky, significant real-world process for a super long time! In this episode we learn about cloning found in nature, labs, and...this very podcast??

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

[Truth or Fail]

Crayfish that’s been cloning itself might help us study prion diseases

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/science/mutant-crayfish-clones-europe.html

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/904708

Scientists envision a new insect repellant while cloning hemlock trees

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/801445

Athlete’s foot fungus rejects sex for cloning

https://today.duke.edu/2018/02/toenail-fungus-gives-sex-infect-human-hosts

https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/208/4/1657/6084243

https://gizmodo.com/the-fungi-that-cause-athletes-foot-have-given-up-on-sex-1823265768

[Trivia Question]

First cloned cat, which was named Copy Cat

https://vetmed.tamu.edu/news/press-releases/texas-am-says-goodbye-to-cc-worlds-first-cloned-cat/

https://www.npr.org/2020/03/08/813384347/remembering-cc-the-cloned-cat

[Fact Off]

Electric ant queens and males sexually reproduce but actually like two different clonal species

A 34-member “twin study” with Amazon molly fish clones

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1009151

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-43069-6

https://phys.org/news/2021-02-defeating-enemy-evolution-clone-fish.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919929/

https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/twins-study/about/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Cross-species cloning and back-breeding as de-extinction strategies

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223960/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157387/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521203/

https://lsspjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2195-7819-10-3

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/species-revival-bringing-back-extinct-animals

https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2021-02/genetic-research-boosts-black-footed-ferret-conservation-efforts

[Butt One More Thing]

Portuguese man o’ war is a colony of zooid clones, including gastrozooids for digesting (and maybe pooping)

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51842-1

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/portuguese-man-o-war.html

Humanity is bound together by so many qualities, and in this episode, we add Being Goopy to the list. What does that have to do with glue? A whole lot, it turns out - cue some ominous foreshadowing....Memento goopy! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

[Secret Ingredient]

Fibers mixed with water to make adhesive 

https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/1/1/pgac026/6549457

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/945194

Adhesive inspired by animal protein

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/945194

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.1c10936

Chinese bricks made with gluey substance

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/chinese-architecture

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eem2.12143

[Trivia Question]

Year that the first adhesive stamp Penny Black was mailed

https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/how-a-single-postage-stamp-birthed-the-information-age

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/first-piece-of-mail-sent-using-a-stamp-auction-180983619/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-story-of-the-first-postage-stamp-14931961/

[Fact Off]

Reversible glue made with caffeic acid exposed to certain UV light wavelengths 

Blood albumin glue used in plywood and pre-plastic resin objects

https://extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-154.pdf

https://foodeng.wisc.edu/images/publications/2010-9.pdf

https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article-abstract/54/11/15/1162589/Blood-Albumin-and-the-Woodworking-Industry?redirectedFrom=PDF

https://plastiquarian.com/?page_id=14216

[Ask the Science Couch]

How glue adhesion/cohesion works and why glue (sometimes) doesn’t cure in the bottle

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01182#

https://www.uhu.com/en-en/glue-advice/adhesive-types

https://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/D-Lab_Learn-It_Adhesives_Jul13.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143749618300575

https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/CT07137

[Butt One More Thing]

Fibrin glue used to help seal anal fistulas

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12682544/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1782483/

We do a lot of learning on Tangents, so naturally, we've got questions about what learning looks like...for machines! AI and machine learning science communicator Jordan Harrod (https://www.youtube.com/@jordanharrod) lends her expertise to this episode as we definitely for sure learn all there is to know and will ever need to be known about machine learning, algorithms, and AI. Definitely we got all of it, everyone.

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

[Truth or Fail Express]

Racoon-inspired algorithm

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8552661

Dolphin-inspired algorithm

Pelican-inspired algorithm

[Trivia Question]

Using machine learning to measure plant vibration and sounds when they experience stress 

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(23)00262-3

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/plants-make-noises-when-stressed-study-finds-180981920/

[Fact Off]

Lenna (an image of a Playboy model) used as the standard for digital image processing

https://www.404media.co/lena-test-image-ieee-policy/

Tricking speech recognition systems with “neural voice camouflage”

https://www.engineering.columbia.edu/news/block-smartphone-microphone-speech-recognition-spying

https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/16.pdf

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.07076.pdf

https://www.vox.com/2018/7/20/17594074/phone-spying-wiretap-microphone-smartphone-northeastern-dave-choffnes-christo-wilson-kara-swisher

https://gizmodo.com/these-academics-spent-the-last-year-testing-whether-you-1826961188

[Ask the Science Couch]

AI image generator mistakes (hands, feet, teeth) and how they work (diffusion models)

https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/why-ai-generated-hands-are-the-stuff-of-nightmares-explained-by-a-scientist

https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pranavdixit/ai-generated-art-hands-fingers-messed-up

https://hai.stanford.edu/news/what-dall-e-reveals-about-human-creativity

https://proceedings.mlr.press/v37/sohl-dickstein15.pdf

[Butt One More Thing]

Training machine learning models (convolutional neural networks) to classify poop images

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.10578.pdf

https://journals.lww.com/ajg/abstract/2022/07000/a_smartphone_application_using_artificial.24.aspx

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33275399/

Anal Recognition Paper

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-020-0534-9

Devotees of the testudines rejoice! Whether you have one as a pet, admire them at the zoo, or giggle with the rest of the internet when they rock each other off logs, chances are high, we think, that you like turtles. We like turtles! And conveniently for us, turtle science is also extremely cool, so this was basically an ideal episode to make. Enjoy!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

[Truth or Fail]

Fossilized turtle poop showing green algae feast site

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/995472

https://www.science.org/content/article/sea-turtles-have-3000-year-old-routines

Crushing of fossilized turtle shells shows burial site age

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/26/science/turtle-shells-fossils-paleontology.html

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article/18/5/1524/616297/Crushed-turtle-shells-Proxies-for-lithification

Turtle fossil was actually a plant fossil

https://www.livescience.com/animals/120-million-year-old-plants-turn-out-to-be-ultra-rare-fossilized-baby-turtles

[Trivia Question]

Speed of a sand-digging robot modeled after a turtle hatchling

https://today.ucsd.edu/story/bot-inspired-by-baby-turtles-can-swim-under-the-sand-1

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aisy.202200404

[Fact Off]

Chinese soft-shelled turtles (basically) pee out their mouths

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/215/21/3723/19178/The-Chinese-soft-shelled-turtle-Pelodiscus

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121011090643.htm

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aohc/63/2/63_2_181/_article

https://theconversation.com/no-overwintering-turtles-dont-breathe-through-their-butts-getting-to-the-bottom-of-a-popular-misconception-224331

Microplastics in sand mess with sea turtle sex ratios

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/06/230623210244.htm#:~:text=Warmer%20temperatures%20are%20known%20to,before%20their%20sex%20is%20set.

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/temperature-dependent.html#:~:text=This%20is%20called%20temperature%2Ddependent,the%20hatchlings%20will%20be%20female.

[Ask the Science Couch]

Turtle communication and vocalization

https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.24553

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14356-3

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33741-8 https://gizmodo.com/jurassic-parks-dinosaur-sound-effects-were-actually-ani-5994278

https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/06/turtles-eat-south-america/

[Butt One More Thing]

Collecting loggerhead sea turtle fecal samples by making them custom swimsuits 

https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2015/10/sea-turtles-don-swimsuits-science

Pictures: 

https://www.flickr.com/photos/37175871@N06/albums/72157659326105212/

From expressing ourselves through fashion to protecting ourselves from the elements, textiles seem to be self-evidently significant to the human experience. But it's our goal on Tangents to always poke holes in the obvious, tear through distraction, and weave humor with knowledge - and the facts this episode will blow your cotton-poly blend socks off.

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

[Truth or Fail Express]

Fabric shoe sole tariff

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/23/business/economy/columbia-sportswear-trump-trade-war.html

https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45875405

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-is-why-your-converse-sneakers-have-felt-on-the-bottom-6016648/

Water-soluble fiber to prove original Finnish textile

https://www.perniaspopupshop.com/encyclopedia/karnataka/mysore-silk

https://www.ksicsilk.com/Home/About

https://news.mit.edu/2023/fiber-barcodes-can-make-clothing-labels-that-last-0321

Wool Acts: burial shroud requirements

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/england-wool-burial-shrouds

https://nursingclio.org/2020/05/21/weaving-wool-into-death-burial-in-17th-century-england/

https://www.hungerfordvirtualmuseum.co.uk/?view=article&id=961&catid=10

[Trivia Question]

“Cappers Act” of 1571 in England required males to wear woolen caps

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/81552

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/minor-british-institutions-the-flat-cap-1926708.html

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O124661/cap/cap-unknown/?print=1

[Fact Off]

Indigenous Aymara weavers and pediatric cardiologists co-created a medical textile for congenital heart defects

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2674640

https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/video-player/16238899

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10329454/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3379209/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470160/

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/cardiac-catheterization

https://www.ted.com/talks/franz_freudenthal_a_new_way_to_heal_hearts_without_surgery/transcript

Creating experimental antimicrobial underwear for astronauts or space laundry machines

https://www.livescience.com/astronauts-shared-underwear-upgrade.html

https://www.cnet.com/science/astronauts-share-spacesuit-underwear-but-keeping-it-clean-is-a-challenge/

https://phys.org/news/2021-05-spacesuit-underwear.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2009/07/space_age_underwear_that_can_b.html

https://www.iflscience.com/space-laundry-how-will-astronauts-keep-their-underwear-clean-on-the-moon-70058

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nasa-teams-tide-do-laundry-space-180978067/

https://apnews.com/article/laundry-wash-clothes-space-station-nasa-5a7f2795150f7dce81581cfb82cdd1f7

[Ask the Science Couch]

History of knitting machines

https://invention.si.edu/knitting-stockings-machine

http://www.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk/people/frameworkknitters.htm

Crochet vs. knit stitches

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jecATRwHQP8

https://akaspar.pages.cba.mit.edu/textiles-recitation/background.html

Crocheting hyperbolic space models

https://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/math-imagery/taimina

https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/16/wertheim_henderson_taimina.php

https://www.theiff.org/oexhibits/oe1e.html

[Butt One More Thing]

Art project that extracted cellulose from cow manure to make a semi-synthetic fabric

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014181302300404X

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/poop-clothing_n_58e7d6f0e4b058f0a02efa77

https://jalilaessaidi.com/cowmanure/

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

It may be well-known that hope is the thing with feathers, but how much is known about feathers themselves? Turns out, plenty! From shrub grouses to shuttlecocks and all the pea-babies (diminutive for peacocks, definitely for sure) in between, come soar on the delightfully complex wings of knowledge with us!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Truth or Fail]

Dermestid beetles on dino feather in amber

https://www.science.org/content/article/feathered-dinosaurs-discovered

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/986124

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/lice-filled-dinosaur-feathers-found-trapped-100-million-year-old-amber-180973727/

https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/dermestid-beetles-feasted-on-dinosaur-feathers

Badminton shuttlecock dino-birdie 

https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/dinosaurs-ancient-fossils/liaoning-diorama/a-feathered-tyrant

https://australian.museum/learn/dinosaurs/fact-sheets/dilong-paradoxus/

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1030468

Roboduck with dino feathers

https://www.audubon.org/news/new-aquatic-dinosaur-find-strange-and-startling-avian-hodgepodge

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2414147-dinosaurs-evolved-feathers-to-scare-prey-suggests-robot-experiment/

https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/02/robo-dinosaur-scares-grasshoppers-to-shed-light-on-why-dinos-evolved-feathers/

[Trivia Question]

Speed of peacock tail feather shaking to signal interest to mates

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0152759

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0207247

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/12/peacock-crests-are-vibration-sensors/578656/

https://gizmodo.com/the-physics-of-peacock-tail-feathers-is-even-more-dazzl-1772653586

[Fact Off]

Turning waste chicken feathers into a flavorless, edible meat paste

https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/animals-slaughtered-for-meat?time=latest

https://phys.org/news/2017-09-bird-feathers-food.html

https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=9055668&fileOId=9055675

https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/news/lund-team-turns-chicken-feathers-into-food/

https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/chicken-feathers-can-help-generate-clean-energy-say-researchers/2-1-1539841?zephr_sso_ott=oZW4Dr

Male sandgrouse belly feathers soak up water to carry back to their babies

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2022.0878

https://academic.oup.com/condor/article/69/4/323/5229138

https://ebird.org/species/namsan1

[Ask the Science Couch]

Feather growth and development (and altricial vs. precocial baby birds)

https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/feathers-article/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380223/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6917565/

[Butt One More Thing]

Fright molt: losing tail feathers as an antipredator adaptation

https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/17/6/1046/319763

Trash, rubbish, waste, refuse...we have a lot of words for the gunk that goes on the truck, because whether we like it or not, humans make a lot of garbage. Get comfy with some grossness as we root around in garbage's past, present, and future. We're all on a path, you guys!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Garbage

[The Scientific Definition]

Neptune balls

Laser broom

Wishcycling

[Trivia Question]

Eugene Poubelle garbage can ordinance in France

https://www.connexionfrance.com/article/Mag/French-Facts/Dustbins-are-named-after-French-recycling-innovator

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poubelle

https://doodles.google/doodle/eugene-poubelles-190th-birthday/

[Fact Off]

Sulfur-crested cockatoos opening garbage cans because of social learning

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe7808

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/963482

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)01285-4

Hermit crabs are using plastic trash as shells

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723075885

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/hermit-crabs-using-trash-as-shells-across-the-world-scientists-find-180983701/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Waste-to-energy methods: power plants/incineration, gasification, landfill gas, anaerobic digestion

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652617317316?via%3Dihub

https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/waste-to-energy-in-depth.php

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857090119500090

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5530419

https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas

https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2804

https://www.epa.gov/agstar/how-does-anaerobic-digestion-work

[Butt One More Thing]

Poop composition of gull flocks that eat garbage from landfills

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004313541730489X?via%3Dihub

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/558545  

Oops, all science this episode! Erstwhile editorial assistant Deboki Chakravarti steps in for erstwhile everyman Sam Schultz as we parse through fundamental puzzles about humanity: what makes us, us, and if it is hormones, does that make us cocktails or cauldrons?

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Hormones

[Truth or Fail]

https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/news/trust-hormone-oxytocin-helps-old-muscle-work-new-study-finds

[Trivia Question]

Hormone-injected Judas goats to kill invasive species in Project Isabella

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092746/

https://modernfarmer.com/2013/09/killing-goats-galapagos/

[Fact Off]

Bones make osteocalcin, which might be a hormone involved in stress reactions

https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(19)30441-3

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6335246/

https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008361

https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008714

Chrononutrition and breast milk hormones training babies’ circadian rhythms

[Ask the Science Couch]

Hormones (vs. neurotransmitters) and how they affect emotions

Serotonin

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545168/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5864293/

Testosterone

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033318213001333?via%3Dihub

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/andr.12867

Estrogen

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3753111/

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/210086

Thyroid

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612998/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378512215006064

Puberty in general

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5192018/

https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/umurj/article/id/1383/

[Butt One More Thing]

Golden spiny mice poop hormones show that they've evolved to be nocturnal (even though they can be diurnal)

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0023446

It's the long-awaited cheese-stravaganza! And it's every bit as melty, crumbly, stretchy, and stinky as hoped for. We dip into some fetamology, we stretch our nokkeledge of cheese applications, and we unwrap the shocking tartrutho about a cheese we thought we knew!*

*The real cheese names I butchered into puns: feta, nokkelost, tartuffo. All delicious, go try some!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[The Scientific Definition]

Cornish Yarg’s rind

Pule animal milk

Emmental cheese surroundings

[Trivia Question]

One of the oldest unopened cans of Cougar Gold cheese

https://archive.news.wsu.edu/news/2010/08/14/oldest-cougar-gold-cracked-open-still-tasty/

https://creamery.wsu.edu/about-us/history/

[Fact Off]

Using cheese to study the neuroscience of disgust because it’s not dangerous/unethical

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5065955/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/disgust

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687907/

Environmental remediation in Emeryville, CA using cottage cheese whey

[Ask the Science Couch]

“Addictive” qualities of cheese (contextualizing casomorphin and the endogenous opioid system)

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0117959

https://www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-week/archive/b/bovine-beta-casomorphin-7.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8345738/

https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.231r

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10486734/

[Butt One More Thing]

Cheese mites are pests but also delicacies in Mimolette and Milbenkäse

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030210003644

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10493-016-0040-7

https://microbialfoods.org/microbe-guide-cheese-mites/

The question plaguing us this episode is, how dark can it really get? Turns out (according to some), not that dark! Unless you're at the bottom of the ocean or floating in the all too-eerie void of deep space, you're always gonna have some photons hitting your face. (I'm pretty sure I accidentally stole this rhyme right out of Hank's poem, but you'll just have to listen to know for sure...) 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[The Gauntlet]

Next December 23rd winter solstice

SOLAR spacecraft went down 

Reorientation of sun instrument

23.5°S latitude alternate name

Tapetum lucidum color

Hormone in darkness

Famous winter solstice sunlight site

[Trivia Question]

Last December 23rd winter solstice

https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/december-solstice.html

[Fact Off]

Carrots can help you make rhodopsin but not improve night vision

https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/do-carrots-help-you-see-in-the-dark

https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/do-carrots-really-help-you-see-in-the-dark

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10484191/

https://www.livescience.com/carrots-see-in-the-dark.html

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-carrots-improve-your-vision/

Dogs are more likely to steal food disobediently when it’s dark 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10071-012-0579-6

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130211090840.htm

https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/en/persons/juliane-kaminski/publications/

[Butt One More Thing]

English words for excrement collectors (gong farmer, night soil men) 

https://www.oed.com/dictionary/night-soil_n?tab=etymology

https://www.oed.com/dictionary/gong-farmer_n?tab=meaning_and_use#992848879

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/when-american-cities-were-full-of-crap

https://ojs.ethnobiology.org/index.php/ebl/article/view/1351/705

In this not-so-chill episode, everybody gets a little unsettled by the concepts around refrigeration. Quantum computers, thermoacoustics, molecular chemistry, elephants, the phantom letter "d" that gets added to the shortening of refrigeration...it's all just. So much.

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This or That: Fridge or Not Fridge]

Ballpoint-pen-sized device with twisted nickel-titanium and water

Credit-card-sized device plugged into your phone with lithium bromide

Two large metal balls with ammonia and water

[Trivia Question]

Frigidaire had an elephant stand on their refrigerator as a strength test

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/75945/15-icy-cool-facts-about-refrigeration

https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&d=STP19390511.2.109&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA--------0------

[Fact Off]

Dilution refrigeration and ultra-cold LEGOs

https://nanoscience.oxinst.com/assets/uploads/NanoScience/Brochures/Principles%20of%20dilution%20refrigeration_Sept15.pdf

https://twist.phys.virginia.edu/work/Formal_Paper.pdf

https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/news/the-coolest-lego-in-the-universe

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-55616-7#Fig1

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a30337510/lego-bricks-heat-tolerance-quantum-computer/

Thermoacoustic refrigeration and the James Webb Space Telescope

[Ask the Science Couch]

Freezer smells and dehydration/oxidation affecting food taste

https://extension.umn.edu/preserving-and-preparing/science-freezing-foods

https://extension.psu.edu/understanding-the-process-of-freezing

https://theconversation.com/heres-why-your-freezer-smells-so-bad-and-what-you-can-do-about-it-203058

https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/emergencies/removing-odors-refrigerators-and

[Butt One More Thing]

USB drive found in volunteer-collected frozen leopard seal poop

https://niwa.co.nz/news/they-were-defrosting-leopard-seal-pooyou-wont-believe-what-happened-next

https://www.leopardseals.org/scat-poo-collection/

Do you hear what I hear? Probably not, because in this episode, we're bringing things down several notches to learn about quiet. Does it have a scientific definition? Is it all just relative? Should crickets have podcasts? Join us as we (ok, maybe not so) quietly contemplate quiet.

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Truth or Fail]

Larval reef fish bury their heads in the sand to reduce noise

Quieter Bison bulls get more mates

Dolphins quiet their clicks to ambush each other 

[Trivia Question]

Loudness of lead singer in Billboard Hot 100 from 1946-2020

https://pubs.aip.org/asa/jel/article/3/4/043201/2885300/Lead-vocal-level-in-recordings-of-popular-music

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/986837

[Fact Off]

Water-based sound suppression systems for rocket launches

https://pubs.aip.org/asa/jasa/article/142/4_Supplement/2489/603382/Sixty-years-of-launch-vehicle-acoustics

https://www.nas.nasa.gov/SC15/demos/demo10.html

https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/space-launch-systems-sound-suppression-system-final-test-at-kennedy/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022460X23003528

Small tree crickets use leaves to amplify their chirps

[Ask the Science Couch]

Quietest period in history of the Earth (of all time & anthropocene)

https://www.curtin.edu.au/news/media-release/earths-mid-life-crisis-new-research-backs-lull-geologic-record/

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-017-0051-y

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X13000506?via%3Dihub

https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/23/1005574/lockdown-was-the-longest-period-of-quiet-in-human-history/

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abd2438

[Butt One More Thing]

Unplanned 9/11 study shows whale poop stress levels associated with ship noise 

https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/unplanned-911-analysis-links-noise-whale-stress/2012/02/14/gIQAmQnlPR_story.html

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2011.2429

Oil: it's a ubiquitous substance humans have been relying on for longer than you might think. We cook with it, we moisturize with it, we run machines with it - it keeps slipping into places we least expect to find it, for good and for ill... 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[The Gauntlet]

Original Crisco oil plant

Company that produces Crisco

Process to turn liquid oil into solid

Fair Packaging and Labeling Act decade

Upton Sinclair book

Two oils in modern Crisco

Kream Krisp vs. Crisco

[Trivia Question]

Value of Spanish extra virgin olive oil stolen in August 2023

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/19/olive-oil-prices-surge-over-100percent-leading-to-cooking-oil-thefts.html

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spanish-police-seize-74-tonnes-stolen-olives-amid-soaring-prices-2023-10-06/

[Fact Off]

Russell Martin Bliss contaminated Times Beach, Missouri with waste oil to stop dust

Using human/animal hair to adsorb oil spills

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/7/7/52

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213343715000330

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/04/980424032349.htm

https://time.com/6262631/philippines-oil-spill-cleanup-hair/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Saturated/unsaturated fat chemistry and how they influence bloodstream lipids

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/03%3A_Biological_Macromolecules/3.03%3A_Lipid_Molecules_-_Introduction#

https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/how-its-made-cholesterol-production-in-your-body

https://openheart.bmj.com/content/5/2/e000871

[Butt One More Thing]

Mineral oil used as a lubricant laxative

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/laxative-oral-route/before-using/drg-20070683?p=1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804525/

What's that you spy on the horizon, just out of sight? If you have a telescope handy, you can hone your gaze on...more telescopes! From pocket spyglasses to Extremely Large (a real telescope name), join us and special guest Julian Huguet as we set our sights on the far-reaching world of these incredible devices. How we wonder what they are...

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Truth or Fail]

Finding llamas with telescope vibration

Predicting weather with telescopes and clouds

Tracking bees with LIDAR

[Trivia Question]

Space Telescope Transporter for Air, Road, and Sea (or STTARS) length https://www.nasa.gov/universe/how-to-ship-the-worlds-largest-space-telescope-5800-miles-across-the-ocean/

https://www.nasa.gov/missions/webb/follow-the-sttars-to-find-nasas-webb-telescope/

[Fact Off]

Artificial guide stars made from lasers for optical telescopes on Earth 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/811748

https://www.llnl.gov/news/guide-star-leads-sharper-astronomical-images

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/aot-2014-0025/html

https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1953PASP...65..229B&data_type=PDF_HIGH

Gravitational lensing and turning space itself into a telescope

[Ask the Science Couch]

The history of radio telescopes (first non-optical telescope)

https://massivesci.com/articles/radio-astronomy-sagittarius-karl-jansky/

https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/2005ASPC..345....3J

https://public.nrao.edu/news/silent-as-the-night-why-radio-astronomy-doesnt-listen-to-the-sky

https://science.nasa.gov/ems/05_radiowaves/

[Butt One More Thing]

Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) & Gamma-Ray Urgent Archiver for Novel Opportunities (GUANO)

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...900...35T/abstract

https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-047A

Click here to check out the limited-time-only Tangents t-shirt inspired by this episode! https://store.dftba.com/products/shirt-of-the-month-shrimp-battery

Batteries are all around us, in things we use all the time, and in all different shapes and sizes, so of course we know exactly how they all work, right? Nope! Not even close! The bizarre breadth of our battery banter includes Ben Franklin, tiny computers, and...shrimp? 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Oxford Electric Bell battery lifespan

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/52147/what%E2%80%99s-world%E2%80%99s-longest-running-science-experiment

https://archwww.physics.ox.ac.uk/history/Exhibit1.html

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/mystery-continuously-functioning-battery-1840-180954028/

https://x.com/UniofOxford/status/1610593348464640001?s=20

[Fact Off]

Edible battery for sustainability (and maybe child safety)

https://academic.oup.com/jimb/article/45/5/313/5996662

https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/05/researchers-craft-a-fully-edible-battery/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36919977/

https://www.popsci.com/technology/edible-battery-prototype/

https://www.connecticutchildrens.org/ear-nose-and-throat/what-to-do-if-your-child-swallows-or-ingests-a-button-battery/#:~:text=Every%20year%2C%20about%202%2C500%20kids,stomach%2C%20it%20can%20be%20fatal.

https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/08/31/491947946/how-an-edible-battery-could-power-medical-robots-you-swallow

Platypus electroreception study using batteries

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3945317/

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-03-12-vw-18644-story.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/56002?typeAccessWorkflow=login

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/202/10/1447/8186/Electroreception-in-monotremes

[Ask the Science Couch]

Grid-scale storage with batteries

https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity/grid-scale-storage

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/74426.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032122001368

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X17304437

https://www.science.org/content/article/new-generation-flow-batteries-could-eventually-sustain-grid-powered-sun-and-wind

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032113005418?via%3Dihub

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rechargeable-molten-salt-battery-freezes-energy-in-place-for-long-term-storage/

[Butt One More Thing]

Microbial battery with exoelectrogens and poop water

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1307327110

https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/19/4747532/scientists-use-poop-to-generate-electricity

Trick or Treat Month returns... and this time it's personal! Join us for another month of spooky themes and special surprise guest apparitions! Try not to get too scared!

And so we close the ancient, flesh-bound spell book on another Trick or Treat Month... but we're going out on top, baby! Alexis Nikole Nelson has appeared, as if by magic, to lead us into the deep, dark woods and point out all the slimy, sticky, gross stuff on the ground that she says we can eat. I guess I trust her! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This or That]

Round 1 - Blue glowing slime

https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/tube-worm-slime-displays-long-lasting-self-powered-glow

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5103273/

Round 2 - Eating parents’ slime

https://animalmicrobiome.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42523-023-00243-x

https://www.wired.co.uk/article/caecilians-limbless-amphibian-skin-feeding-young-cloaca

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101029104603.htm

https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pmic.200500591

Round 3 - Snottites

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246232/

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/see-the-ugly-beauty-that-lives-in-a-toxic-cave

Round 4 - Mating plug

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/218/9/1410/14572/Size-dependence-in-non-sperm-ejaculate-production

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005596707591

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564092/

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mrd.22689

[Trivia Tiebreaker]

Hagfish slime on road

https://www.southernfriedscience.com/your-car-has-just-been-crushed-by-hagfish-frequently-asked-questions/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Slime molds and biocomputers

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/physarum-polycephalum

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-55749-9

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5755296/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12668-014-0156-3

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23713-slime-mould-could-make-memristors-for-biocomputers/

https://techhq.com/2023/04/biocomputers-an-alternative-to-quantum-computing/

[Butt One More Thing]

Bird nestling fecal sac / mucus membrane 

https://www.audubon.org/news/what-are-fecal-sacs-bird-diapers-basically

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jav.00353

Trick or Treat Month returns... and this time it's personal! Join us for another month of spooky themes and special surprise guest apparitions! Try not to get too scared!

Our yearly cavalcade of terror rolls on with a new Grand Marshall of Terror: podcaster, author, and mad genius Dan Schreiber! And he's here to tell us about the weirdest, creepiest, most otherworldly theories ever devised of! There are lots of science-y ideas out there, and not all of them can be right, after all!  

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

The Classification of Quasithin Groups page number

https://www.livescience.com/33628-funny-physics-theorems-names.html

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/researchers-race-to-rescue-the-enormous-theorem-before-its-giant-proof-vanishes/

https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Classification_of_Quasithin_Groups.html?id=KC0ZAQAAIAAJ

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20893-prize-awarded-for-largest-mathematical-proof/

[Fact Off]

Infinite monkey theorem test in a zoo

https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/PATENTS-IN-AN-ERA-OF-INFINITE-MONKEYS-AND-ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE.pdf

https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2013/12/10/249726951/the-infinite-monkey-theorem-comes-to-life

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3013959.stm

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/may/09/science.arts

Nostradamus: predictions & jam & benzoic acid

[Ask the Science Couch]

Theory of mind & false belief tests

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3629913/

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/does-the-chimpanzee-have-a-theory-of-mind/1E96B02CD9850016B7C93BC6D2FEF1D0

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-18540-002

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_91

[Butt One More Thing]

Freudian developmental theory & the anal stage

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557526/

Trick or Treat Month returns... and this time it's personal! Join us for another month of spooky themes and special surprise guest apparitions! Try not to get too scared!

This year's ghastly Grand Guignol of science and screams begins at the end: the tomb! And we dug up an old friend, Dimension 20's Siobhan Thompson, to guide us deep into the cursed catacombs of knowledge! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Visit HENSONSHAVING.com/TANGENTS to pick the razor for you and use code TANGENTS and you’ll get two years' worth of blades free! 

A big part of being a human is that you get progressively more gross as the day goes on. Various parts start stinking, hair grows all over your face, you're touching who-knows-what... luckily for all of us, someone a long time ago decided to invent hygiene! Otherwise we'd have to lick ourselves like cats!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Definition] 

History of hygiene https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542893/ [Trivia Question] Pelagic thresher sharks visit blue-streaked cleaner wrasse stations https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014755 https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/sharks-rays-and-climate-change-impacts-habitat-prey-distribution-and-health 

[Fact Off] 

Bronze Age ivory lice comb with Canaanite language 

https://jjar.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/jjar/files/jjar2_art4_lachish_p76-119_2022-10-12_01.pdf https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/4000-year-old-head-lice-comb-found-inscribed-with-phrase-using-the-alphabet https://www.sciencenews.org/article/canaanite-comb-lice-israel-alphabet 

Tampon Task Force & menstrual hygiene https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436965/ https://catalystjournal.org/index.php/catalyst/article/view/28788/_9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYXUQDzSg4o&feature=youtu.be https://srh.bmj.com/content/early/2023/07/03/bmjsrh-2023-201895 https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/997629 

[Ask the Science Couch] 

Antiperspirant aluminum compounds - how they work & are they harmful 

https://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i27/Deodorants-Antiperspirants.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3813027/ https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/features/antiperspirant-facts-safety https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-advertisers-convinced-americans-they-smelled-bad-12552404/ 

[Butt One More Thing] 

Mandrills teach their children hygienic behaviors to avoid peri-anal parasites 

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2022.2349 https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/979546

Sam's out this week, but worry not: he found another Sam to replace him! Sam Jones, host of the podcast Tiny Matters that is! Sam and her co-host, our own Deboki Chakravarti, join Ceri and Hank in our first ever team-based episode of Tangents! Two teams enter, one team leaves! 

What more Tiny Matters? Check out the podcast here: https://www.acs.org/pressroom/tiny-matters.html! 

And check out Deboki at https://twitter.com/okidoki_boki , and Sam at https://twitter.com/samjscience

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Truth or Fail Express]

Project Gasbuggy 

https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/22/archives/project-gasbuggy-and-catch85-thats-krypton85-one-of-the-radioactive.html

https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,899941,00.html

https://books.google.com/books?id=g9QDAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22project+gasbuggy%22&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q=%22project%20gasbuggy%22&f=false

Operation Big Itch

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13623699908409460

https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/biological/bigitch.pdf

Operation North Pole (Project Cirrus)

https://www.ge.com/news/reports/cool-science-vonnegut-ge-research

https://alachuacounty.us/Depts/epd/EPAC/General%20Electric%20History%20Of%20Project%20Cirrus%20July%201952%20ORIGINAL.pdf

Brilliant Pebbles

https://www.llnl.gov/archives/1980s/brilliant-pebbles

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/clementine/in-depth/

https://highfrontier.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Brilliant-Pebbles-Baucom.pdf

[Ask the Science Couch]

Smallest organisms: ultramicrobacteria and Candidate Phyla Radiation

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9297842/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0026261712040054

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC243725/

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsme2/16/2/16_2_67/_article

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7372

https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/02/27/ultra-small-bacteria/  

[Butt One More Thing]

Big-bottomed ants (Atta laevigata / hormiga culona) 

https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/big-bottomed-ants-hormigas-culonas

https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT187&lpg=PT187

https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/da-tradurreformica-culona/

Head to factormeals.com/tangents50 and use code tangents50 to get 50% off! 
----------------------------- 
Use promo code TANGENTS to get 50% off up to $10 value, when you spend $15 or more at convenience, grocery or retail stores on DoorDash. 

The universe is dusty AF, frankly. It's on your body, in every nook in cranny of your house, some planets are just made entirely of dust pretty much, and space is full of it! It's everywhere, so I guess we might as well learn something about it...

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Glenn Trewitt for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Apollo 11 moon dust sample at auction

https://www.bonhams.com/auction/27937/lot/21/a-unique-opportunity-to-own-a-nasa-verified-piece-of-the-apollo-11-contingency-sample-5-scanning-electron-microscope-sem-aluminum-sample-stubs-each-topped-with-approximately-10-mm-diameter-carbon-tape-containing-apollo-moon-dust/

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/apollo-11-lunar-dust-auction

[Fact Off]

Spiderwebs collecting microplastic dust as sensors

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722021015

https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/spider-webs-record-severity-of-microplastic-pollution-in-cities/4015800.article

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-microplastics-spider-webs.html

https://edu.rsc.org/science-research/spiderwebs-used-as-microplastic-pollution-screens/4016071.article

https://www.sciencealert.com/microplastics-are-so-pervasive-you-can-even-find-them-stuck-in-spider-webs

Martian concrete made from dust, blood, and urea (also potato starch and salt)

https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/76/3/62/2868070/Building-on-Mars-with-human-blood-and

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006421000442

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EGUGA..20.4453Z/abstract

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/982978

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2022-0390/html

[Ask the Science Couch]

House dust mite allergens

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11845577/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7464922/

https://www.jacionline.org/article/0021-8707(67)90045-7/fulltext  

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12016-018-8693-0

[Butt One More Thing]

Fecal dust air pollutant from cow and horse manure

https://fee.org/articles/the-great-horse-manure-crisis-of-1894/

https://99percentinvisible.org/article/cities-paved-dung-urban-design-great-horse-manure-crisis-1894/

https://www.texasobserver.org/cafos-panhandle-tceq/

From trustworthy to calming, sad to steadfast, and, of course, jeans - the color blue means a lot of things to a lot of people. Join Team Tangents as we delve into this deceptively complicated primary color!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter! A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy some great Tangents merch!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Sources:

[Trivia Question]

YInMn blue unnamed element 

https://chemistry.oregonstate.edu/chemistry-news-events/yinmn-blue

https://chemistry.oregonstate.edu/impact/2017/09/hello-bluetiful-theres-a-new-yinmn-blue-inspired-crayon

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/first-blue-pigment-discovered-200-years-finally-sale-180976769/

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/05/style/blue-pigment-YInMn.html

https://colourlex.com/project/yinmn-blue/

[Fact Off]

Blue dye blocking ATP for spinal cord injuries

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/blue-dye-may-hold-promise-in-treating-spinal-cord-injury

https://www.wired.com/2009/07/bluerats/

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/brilliant-blue-spine

https://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-07/good-news-animal-lovers-and-folks-spinal-injuries/

Vivianite blue found on bones, shells, and other remains

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/vivianite-blue-human-remains

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9871987/

https://www.kristineballard.com/vivianite-blue/

https://www.uaf.edu/museum/press/spotlight/blue-babe/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X21001309

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199809)107:1%3C1::AID-AJPA1%3E3.0.CO;2-R

[Ask the Science Couch]

Color psychology: blue and marketing/logos

https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2015/05/12/why-blue-worlds-favorite-color

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/09/20/the-face-of-facebook

https://www.joehallock.com/?page_id=1281

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-010-0245-y

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3151897

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/SJME-03-2018-005/full/html

[Butt One More Thing]

Evidence of blue cheese in Austrian paleofeces

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/930931

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(21)01271-9

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/oct/14/sophisticated-ancient-faeces-shows-humans-enjoyed-beer-and-blue-cheese-2700-years-ago#

Take control of your finances today. Go to https://RocketMoney.com/TANGENTS to get started!

It's easy to write off bacteria as no good, nasty, disease causing creeps, but consider this: without bacteria, we wouldn't have yogurt, or delicious sourdough bread, or a gut microbiome to digest those things! There are probably other good examples of ways bacteria are helpful to us, but I'm too hungry to think of them...

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

From eggs to tacos to Ninja Turtles, some of the best things in life come in shells. So cozy on up inside the nearest conch as we regale you with tales of shells from all across the scientific spectrum!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Golden ratio nautilus shells

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00004-018-0419-3

[Fact Off]

Batteries made from crab shells 

https://www.cell.com/matter/fulltext/S2590-2385(22)00414-3

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220901135827.htm

https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-future-of-renewable-energy-may-be-this-battery-made-from-crab-shells

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/cycle-life

https://www.acs.org/pressroom/presspacs/2023/march/crab-shells-could-help-power-the-next-generation-of-rechargeable-batteries.html

Microplastics and hermit crab shells

https://oceanographicmagazine.com/news/hermit-crab-behaviour-affected-by-microplastics/

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0030

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32343937/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Mollusk shell development & secretion into spiral shapes

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-seashells-take-shape/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-are-seashells-created/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10126-005-6029-6

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0810311106

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/how-a-snails-shell-gets-its-twist

[Butt One More Thing]

Wood-boring bivalve that creates fecal chimneys

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12526-022-01306-z

https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/down-and-dirty-most-unusual-bivalve

This week we're talking about our old friend, Mr. Distance-Over-Time himself: Speed! From the speediest hedgehog to the slowiest slug, we all have speed, and we can all come together and listen to this podcast to learn more about how and why that is.

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Walter Arnold first ever speeding ticket

https://automotivehistory.org/january-28-1896-the-first-speeding-ticket-2/

https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Walter-Arnold-Worlds-First-Speeding-Ticket/

https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/01/28/the-first-speeding-fine-for-travelling-at-8-mph/

[Fact Off]

The Oh-My-God particle (high-energy cosmic ray)

https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-particle-that-broke-a-cosmic-speed-limit-20150514/

https://www.science.org/content/article/oh-my-god-its-real-particle

https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9410067

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/858169  

Needlefish jump-hunting of underwater prey

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28483-the-first-fish-to-leap-out-of-water-and-attack-prey-from-air/

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/71727/first-fish-needlefish-attack-prey-air

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfb.12799/abstract;jsessionid=357639AD25AB070E62DAFF95B2DFCE5E.f01t02

https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2019-01-03/why-do-fish-jump-and-how/10519986

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfb.12278/abstract;jsessionid=2234B87FDA55C22723B4055F5C220218.f03t01

[Ask the Science Couch]

Fastest human body speeds & extreme g-forces (aviation, land speed, etc.)

https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/shuttlestation/station/microgex.html

https://www.nasa.gov/missions/science/hyper.html

https://books.google.nl/books?id=9-FXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA71&dq=horse+riding+uterus+prolapse+train

https://books.google.nl/books?id=Lm03AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA337&dq=train+railways+vibrations+oscillations+-suspenson+-bridge+travellers&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXz4el-vfXAhXLKVAKHUz8B64Q6AEIOzAD

https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/man-behind-high-speed-safety-standards

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/star-wars-science-light-speed/

[Butt One More Thing]

Skipper caterpillar flinging frass pellets with anal plates

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/201/1/121/7701/Faecal-Firing-in-a-Skipper-Caterpillar-is-Pressure

Whether you're tracking the orbit of satellites, looking at your phone, or picking out a dozen fresh-baked donuts, the chances are pretty good that right this second, YOU are using numbers! Hate to break it to you, bud, but math is actually pretty important after all!

Want more Deboki? Check her out at https://twitter.com/okidoki_boki to find info on all of the many projects she works on!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

No new episode this week! Come back next week, June 13, and every other week after that for a new episode. 

To learn more about Hank's recent cancer diagnosis, check out his video here.

Thanks for you patience and we'll talk to you soon!

From the planet Earth to the humble pizza pie, some of the most important things in the whole universe have crusts! Including, most likely, the ears that are listening to this! Twitch streamer and friend of the show Ashley Roboto stops by to pick at the crusty scabs of knowledge with us!

Can’t get enough AshleyRoboto? Follow her @AshleyRoboto and check out her Twitch stream here: https://www.twitch.tv/ashleyroboto

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

"Oh, glass, big deal" you might be saying. Well guess what: if you're reading this, you're looking through glass right now to read about this episode about glass. You might even be touching glass to make this glass episode play! It's glass's world, you're just living in it! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Click here to check out the limited-time-only Tangents t-shirt inspired by this episode!

Color: it's not just for art anymore. From red dwarfs to green algae to... uh... brown squirrels, science is chock full of color, too! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Sources:

[Trivia Question]

Longest-lasting rainbow

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/9-hour-rainbow-sets-new-guinness-record-180968527/

[Fact Off]

Crustacean larvae camouflaged glass eyes

https://slate.com/technology/2023/02/shrimp-larvae-eye-glitter-nanotechnology.html

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/glassy-eyes-young-crustaceans-predators

Brainbows (fluorescent cell visualization using lots of colors)

https://blog.addgene.org/evolution-of-brainbow-using-cre-lox-for-multicolor-labeling-of-neurons

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-1352-5_6

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/698637

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/619298

[Ask the Science Couch]

Color psychology and emotional responses

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00368/full

https://isom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/JOM_1979_08_4_01_Tranquilizing_Effect_of_Color_Reduces_Aggressive-.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2831986/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880552/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1612362/pdf/brmedj02002-0030.pdf

https://www.nature.com/articles/435293a

[Butt One More Thing]

Caca-dauphin, the fashionable baby poop color 

https://theconversation.com/fornication-fluids-and-faeces-the-intimate-life-of-the-french-court-71982

https://www.vanityfair.fr/actualites/articles/au-temps-de-marie-antoinette-le-caca-dauphin-etait-la-couleur-a-la-mode/54212

Spring is upon us, which means a whoooole bunch of junk is going to start growing, such as flowers, grass, and little baby animals. So this week, Tangents is hacking into that growth mindset being displayed by mother nature to talk all about the science of stuff getting bigger! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Sources:

[Trivia Question]

Nishinoshima meters of growth spurt in 2020

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146935/nishinoshima-belches-ash-and-lava

[Fact Off]

Jackalope myth from Shope papilloma virus

https://gizmodo.com/rabbits-with-horns-meet-the-human-papillomavirus-5795996

http://www.medirabbit.com/EN/Skin_diseases/Viral_diseases/Pap/Papilloma.htm

Electroculture: lightning strikes helping shiitake mushrooms grow

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6463/ab7627

https://phys.org/news/2010-04-lightning-mushrooms.html

https://physicsworld.com/a/artificial-lightning-strikes-encourage-growth-of-shiitake-mushrooms/

https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/29_34

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2255657

[Ask the Science Couch]

Measures of growth in kids (bone age or bone plate closure, sugar preference)

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2021.580314/full

Picture: https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/580314/fped-09-580314-HTML/image_m/fped-09-580314-g001.jpg

https://www.hopkinsallchildrens.org/Patients-Families/Health-Library/HealthDocNew/X-Ray-Exam-Bone-Age-Study

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397276/

https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/growth.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2011/09/26/140753048/kids-sugar-cravings-might-be-biological

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764307/pdf/nihms100732.pdf

[Butt One More Thing]

Bat guano pile growth over 4,300 years 

https://news.agu.org/press-release/poop-core-records-4300-years-of-bat-diet-and-environment/

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020JG006026

If you are on the planet Earth right now, there's probably a pretty good chance you're near an ant right now. So spare a thought for those hard working little fellows and unplug your headphones so they can hear this episode about ants (featuring special guest Maddie Sofia) and learn more about themselves! 

Want more Maddie Sofia in your life? Check them out on Twitter @maddie_sofia, watch the episode of PBS's Deep Look that inspired their poem, or go to Maddie's website to find countless more projects!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

First commercial formicarium 

https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1988/12/1/the-man-who-invented-the-ant-farm-not-to-mention-the-ant-coal-mine

https://www.dartmouth.edu/library/Library_Bulletin/Apr1993/LB-A93-Cramer.html?mswitch-redir=classic

https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/

[Fact Off]

Ants stealing food from a pitcher plant 

Ants swimming in pitcher plants: kinematics of aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in Camponotus schmitzi

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-tropical-ecology/article/abs/swimming-ants-and-pitcher-plants-a-unique-antplant-interaction-from-borneo/603B9F3C479FF3D2CF369E23B4EF67E0

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01937.x

Marauder ants and major worker piggyback rides

https://content.ucpress.edu/chapters/10359.ch01.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155725/

https://sib.illinois.edu/suarez/local/suarez/uploads/2020/01/Wills_etal_2018_ARE.pdf

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_75-1

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043357

 

[Ask the Science Couch]

Ant size/strength 

https://engineering.osu.edu/news/2014/02/study-ants-remarkable-strength-may-lead-powerful-micro-sized-robots

https://www.wired.com/video/watch/why-humans-cant-lift-as-much-as-ants

https://askdruniverse.wsu.edu/2017/07/20/how_ants_are_strong/

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2113824-coconut-crabs-bone-crushing-grip-is-10-times-stronger-than-ours/

https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/allometry-the-study-of-biological-scaling-13228439/

[Butt One More Thing]

Parasitic beetle disguised as ant butt 

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/02/the-beetle-that-pretends-to-be-an-army-ants-butt/516522/

https://bmczool.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40850-016-0010-x

Original Airdate: January 26, 2021

SciShow Tangents will be back next week with a new season and very special guest! Until then, please enjoy this beloved classic episode about Weather! Because it's spring and the weather is changing, you see!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Every millisecond of every day, you, everyone you know, every rock on the ground, every star in the sky... they're all aging. And podcasts are no exception. In fact, Tangents is hitting a milestone in its aging as we bring season 4 to a close with this episode! You can't hear the dull roar of time lurching ever onward if you're listening to a funny show, so come listen!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Epigenetic clock of dog years vs. human years

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/theres-new-better-formula-calculating-dog-years-180973575/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32619550/

[Fact Off]

Brown-Séquard and using testicle injections to reverse aging

https://archive.org/details/Brown-sequardC.-e.TheEffectProducedOnManBySubcutaneousInjectionsOfA

https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/140/5/1525/3760152

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/57089

Sperm aging/senescence in toads and other vertebrates

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050820

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/683429

https://support.webb.uu.se/digitalAssets/52/a_52297-f_BeckyTREE.pdf

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21332857/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Causing/reversing aging in mice through epigenetics (ICE - inducible changes to epigenome)

https://hms.harvard.edu/news/loss-epigenetic-information-can-drive-aging-restoration-can-reverse

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)01570-7

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230115/The-loss-of-epigenetic-information-accelerates-the-aging-process.aspx

https://newatlas.com/biology/epigenetic-reboot-reverse-aging-extend-lifespan

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522507v1

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2975-4

[Butt One More Thing]

C. elegans rapid senescence (kind of lactation)

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/930463

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25821-y

Learning is a little like farming, in a way. You sow your brain field with facts seeds, nurture those seeds into thoughts and ideas and voila: you're smart! So slap on your headphones and jump on that tractor: We've got a bumper crop of knowledge to harvest!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Circulation of 1938 Old Farmer’s Almanac

https://www.almanac.com/history-old-farmers-almanac

https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/11/how-the-old-farmers-almanac-previewed-the-information-age/415836/

[Fact Off]

Bradford watermelon seeds that people would die for

https://bradfordwatermelons.com/2014/08/our-story-the-long-version/

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/71931/super-sweet-watermelon-has-deadly-history

https://www.treehugger.com/bradford-watermelons-were-juicy-delicious-people-literally-die-4862619

Hearing loss in farmed salmon because of weird otolith formation

https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/farmed-salmon-are-deaf-and-now-we-know-why

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/220/16/2965/33518/Rapid-growth-causes-abnormal-vaterite-formation-in

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep25249

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.709850/full

[Ask the Science Couch]

Animal agriculture (ants, termites, pocket gophers)

https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/did-you-know/did-you-know-leafcutter-ants-are-farmers-who-grow-fungi

https://asm.org/Articles/2017/September/the-leaf-cutter-ant-s-50-million-years-of-farming

https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/25/12024324/termite-farming-25-million-years-ago-before-humans

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0156847

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/957505

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)00915-0

Video of pocket gopher pulling plant: https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/940458

[Butt One More Thing]

Pig sty latrines

https://www.artic.edu/articles/629/pigsty-and-latrines

https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1001550/seats%2C-squats%2C-and-leaves-a-brief-history-of-chinese-toilets

https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/N5dN_A29v58C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=fertilizer

In all of science, there are very few things conceptually cooler than lasers. A beam of light you can use to blast aliens? Heck yeah! But are lasers actually as cool in reality as they are in science fiction? Probably not! But I guess you'll have to listen to find out for sure.

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Truth or Fail]

Gold-plated bacteria

Contact lenses that shoot lasers

Lead into gold with lasers

[Trivia Question]

Universal Product Code first scanned in grocery store

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/history-bar-code-180956704/

[Fact Off]

Laser cooking of printed chicken

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jct3f92rIOE

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/3-d-printed-chicken-dinner-cooked-by-lasers/

Laser lightning rod for deflection/protection

https://www.unige.ch/communication/communiques/en/2023/devier-la-foudre-grace-au-paratonnerre-laser

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-022-01139-z

https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/faq/

http://www.usfcam.usf.edu/cam/exhibitions/1998_12_mccollum/supplemental_didactics/21.uman2.pdf

[Ask the Science Couch]

Long-distance lasers and masers 

https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/lasers/hazards

https://spie.org/news/12-09-laser-ranging?SSO=1

http://ccom.unh.edu/theme/lidar

https://www.icrar.org/megamaser/

https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02523  

[Butt One More Thing]

Low-level laser therapy for butt (or any) tendons

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8886125/

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22960-gluteal-tendinopathy

http://www.utahorthopediccenters.com/hip/gluteus-medius-tendinopathy-or-dead-butt-syndrome/

The bodily function so universal, there's a kids book all about how everybody does it! But... is that kids book a lie?! Find out the answer to that and way more in this very overdue episode of Tangents!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Penguin poop distance traveled

https://iposeogsekk.com/penguano.pdf

https://improbable.com/ig/winners/#ig2005

[Fact Off]

AI listening to sounds of poop/diarrhea/fart

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2350082-ai-listens-to-toilet-sounds-to-guess-whether-people-have-diarrhoea/

https://www.inverse.com/innovation/fart-monitoring-ai

Dagger made of frozen poop debunked (or, at the very least, not effective in lab conditions)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X19305371

https://nautil.us/the-problem-with-the-frozen-poop-knife-study-237572/

https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-friday-edition-1.5282456/why-scientists-tried-and-failed-to-make-a-knife-out-of-frozen-poop-1.5282458

[Ask the Science Couch]

Period poops (progesterone/estrogen & prostaglandins)

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24411-prostaglandins

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3297513/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3823955

https://health.clevelandclinic.org/why-do-you-poop-more-on-your-period/

In honor of Valentine's Day, that most cherished day of beauty and love, the Tangents crew gets real down and dirty by telling you more than you could ever want to know about sex harpoons, cannibalism, living sperm, and some other utterly un-romantic methods of copulation employed by the animal kingdom! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Mike A, and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

You need to clean a smudge of your glasses? Use some spit! Gotta make some food moist so you can swallow it? Why not try spit?  Lips too dry to whistle a tune? My friend, spit is the bodily excretion for you! Spit: don't leave home without it!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Minor salivary glands

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-may-have-discovered-new-organ-set-salivary-glands-hidden-your-head-180976104/

[Fact Off]

Bowerbird making “paint” out of saliva

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996615/

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2005.0908-8857.03549.x

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347213001097?via%3Dihub

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0325

https://australian.museum/learn/animals/birds/satin-bowerbird/

https://australian.museum/learn/animals/birds/satin-bowerbird/

Spitting cobras evolved to defend against hominids throwing rocks

https://www.newsweek.com/how-it-feels-acobra-spits-face-revealed-excruciating-detail-1749490

https://www.earthtouchnews.com/discoveries/discoveries/spitting-cobras-may-have-evolved-unique-venom-to-defend-from-ancient-humans/

https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/01/study-did-cobras-first-spit-venom-scare-pre-humans

[Ask the Science Couch]

Compressing salivary glands aka “gleeking”

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542272/

https://www.health.com/mind-body/what-is-gleeking

http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/salivary.html

[Butt One More Thing]

Dung-spitting competitions

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dung-spitting-contest-northern-ireland_n_55ae6aebe4b0a9b9485290c1

https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/bokdrol-spoeg/

https://www.sbnation.com/lookit/2014/8/1/5960987/spitting-antelope-poop-is-a-sport-kudu-bokdrol-spoeg

Original Airdate: February 19, 2019

It seems like everyone's using Artificial Intelligence these days, so we thought we'd dip back into our archives for a little refresher on just what the heck AI even is. Plus, meet the character find of 2023: President Smartest Dog in the World!

You can bounce it, you can stretch it, heck... some people even chew it! That's right, it's rubber! And at long last, the Tangents team is finally talking about it! You all really wanted an episode about rubber, right? Well, we made it anyway, so you have to listen. 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Definition]

Mesoamerican rubber recipe

https://news.mit.edu/2010/mayaball-0524

[Trivia Question]

Koosh ball filaments

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/73583/12-kooky-facts-about-koosh-balls

[Fact Off]

Mimicking birdsong with a rubber tube

https://softmath.seas.harvard.edu/publication/controllable-biomimetic-birdsong/

https://seas.harvard.edu/news/2011/01/simple-rubber-devices-mimic-complex-bird-songs

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-12093906

Mayan dental care & harvesting chicle as gum

https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-249X2018000100007

https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&context=fieldandlab

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0008621500827755

https://bda.org/museum/collections/teeth-and-dentures/mayan-tooth

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X22000980#b0200

From a bunny’s seemingly-useless fluffy li’l puffball to a scorpion’s practical and deadly venom-filled stinger, the world is filled with all sorts of wonderful tails! And heck, some of them aren’t even tails at all, but that’s ok!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Seahorse square tail segments 

https://today.ucsd.edu/story/why_the_seahorses_tail_is_square_and_how_it_could_be_an_inspiration

[Fact Off]

Swallowtail butterfly tails protect from attacking damage

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/butterfly-wing-tail-loss-break-birds-escape

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-evidence-butterflies-tails-distract-predators.html

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2022.0562

Bird-of-paradise light-absorbing tail feathers

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02088-w

https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/new-vogelkop-superb-bird-of-paradise-changes-up-the-old-song-and-dance/

https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/20/20813054/vantablack-ultrablack-black-material-surrey-nanosystems-carbon-nanotubes-science-materials

[Ask the Science Couch]

Evolutionary tail loss in some primates (apes)

https://www.science.org/content/article/jumping-gene-may-have-erased-tails-humans-and-other-apes-and-boosted-our-risk-birth-defects

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460388v1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263034/

https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/why-don-t-humans-have-tails

[Butt One More Thing]

Ant head mimicry on wasp tail/metasoma

Image: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Posterior-metasomal-tergites-and-ovipositor-of-Clistopyga-caramba-sp-nov-holotype_fig2_281632324

https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4013.2.9

https://phys.org/news/2021-09-segments-scorpion-metasoma.html

From precious oxygen to the lowly fart, every day we’re all wallowing around in an invisible soup of gas! Exciting, isn’t it? Tune in to go into an exciting adventure into the world of gas with Sam, Ceri, and Dr. Tubeboy!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Horace Wells and Nitrous Oxide/Laughing Gas

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/119/5/1014/13670/Horace-Wells-Demonstration-of-Nitrous-Oxide-in

[Fact Off]

History of the storage/transportation of gas (cylinders, gas holders, bamboo)

https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_basics.html

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471238961.0701190519160509.a01

https://www.apga.org/apgamainsite/aboutus/facts/history-of-natural-gas

https://www.jstor.org/stable/24969284

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_2603

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/349362

https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/professional_theses/147/

https://www.nortegas.es/en/our-business/distribution-of-natural-gas/history-of-natural-gas/

Canaries to detect carbon monoxide in mines & resuscitating them with oxygen

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/story-real-canary-coal-mine-180961570/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Fart/flatus noises from anal sphincter

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8601379/

https://www.menshealth.com/health/a19545944/fart-noises/

https://flatology.com/consider-the-sphincter/

https://urogynecology.nm.org/anal-incontinence.html

[Butt One More Thing]

Snake cloacal popping 

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/377052

It's the time of year for old acquaintances to be forgot, but SciShow Tangents has never been one to bow to convention! So this week, we're remembering all our dang acquaintances and way more as we dive deep on the concept of Memory! 

Want more Deboki? Check her out at https://twitter.com/okidoki_boki to find info on all of the many projects she works on!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Truth or Fail]

Imprinting in general

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.736999/full

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4726915/

Pekin duckling different eye, different memories

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347216302597?via%3Dihub

https://phys.org/news/2016-11-ducklings-memory-banks-visual.html

California condor puppet funerals

https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070806/full/news070806-3.html#B1

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/zoo.20151

Siberian cranes imprint for migration

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1377&context=nacwgproc

https://savingcranes.org/learn/species-field-guide/siberian-crane/

https://amp.theguardian.com/news/2006/apr/01/guardianobituaries.mainsection

[Trivia Question]

Chaser (Border Collie) remembering unique object names

https://webs.wofford.edu/reidak/Pubs/Pilley%20and%20Reid%202011.pdf

https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/2019/07/26/world-famous-dog-chaser-dies-at-15/4597342007/

https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/2021/11/02/spartanburg-community-college-new-mascot-scc-chasers-chaser-the-border-collie-south-carolina/6199107001/

[Fact Off]

Taking Photos Makes Memory Worse 

https://www.binghamton.edu/news/story/3079/taking-photos-can-impair-your-memory-of-events

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/08/05/1022041431/to-remember-the-moment-try-taking-fewer-photos

[Ask the Science Couch]

Remembering commercial jingles rather than “important” names and dates 

https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fxge0001050

https://muse.jhu.edu/article/269004

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0086170

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0305735611406578

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0305735611418553

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-35459-001

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.896285/full

[Butt One More Thing]

Poop amnesia or vasovagal syncope

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6067056/

https://www.iflscience.com/woman-loses-10-years-of-memories-due-to-bad-case-of-constipation-52589

https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/constipated-woman-lost-10-years-of-memories-after-straining-too-hard/F5X2BVV6FWFXH7NNZZFG2IGEYA/

There are no two ways about it: winter is a great time to sleep. In fact, the Tangents crew all decided to sleep this entire week, which is what this episode is a rerun! See you next week/year!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Jack frost ain't just nipping at our noses where we live, he's basically biting them off! Ouch! So we thought we'd learn a little about what "cold" even is, and you may not be too surprised to hear that the answer is way, way more complicated than you'd think. Bundle up and take a listen!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Coldest temperature - Bremen drop tower height

https://www.livescience.com/coldest-temperature-ever

[Fact Off]

Freeze dried potato made by the Altiplano

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJrOJg2a-_Y

https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210715-chuno-the-andean-secret-to-making-potatoes-last-decades

https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/chunos-potatoes-feet

Caloric reflex/vestibular test

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003429.htm

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/caloric-vestibular-test

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10863/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325576/

sniff sniff... What is that awful smell? Ah, it's our stinky, old games! I mean, just look at Truth or Fail! It's all covered in mold! Good thing Deboki's here this week to try out some fresh, exciting new games with us!

scWant more Deboki? Check her out at https://twitter.com/okidoki_boki to find info on all of the many projects she works on!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

It's said that the dose makes the poison, but that doesn't change the fact that some poison is just more poison-y than others. This week, we get a lethal dose of venomous knowledge!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Sources:

[Definition]

Toxin vs. poison vs. venom

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12062

https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/whats-in-a-name-venoms-vs-poisons-toxinology-101

[Dead or Not Dead]

[Trivia Question]

Belgian musicians getting sick from botulism

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5133258/#b01

https://www.jstor.org/stable/30099331

[Fact Off]

Ants disinfect using their butt poison

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31147-3

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/736123

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212013784

https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/Antintro.htm

https://elifesciences.org/articles/60287

https://www.mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/Researchtaxapages/Formicidaepages/genericpages/Lasius.neglectus.htm

Bacteriophage that stole spider venom protein

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evo-news/black-widow-virus-results-from-evolution-not-genetic-engineering/

https://www.livescience.com/56443-black-widow-spider-dna-found-inside-virus.html

https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2016/10/11/virus-carrying-dna-of-black-widow-spider-toxin-discovered/

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108671-virus-steals-black-widow-poison-gene-to-help-it-attack/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Effects of ingesting venom

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266834/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273230014003419?via%3Dihub

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7985199/

https://www.jem-journal.com/article/S0736-4679(15)01377-3/fulltext

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3349795/

[Butt One More Thing]

Goats can deactivate poisonous plant compounds

https://calag.ucanr.edu/Archive/?article=ca.v046n03p4

https://agresearchfoundation.oregonstate.edu/sites/agresearchfoundation.oregonstate.edu/files/bionaz_2014-16_final.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938409002510?via%3Dihub

In a universe of chaos, one scrappy form of highly-ordered solid matter dares to be different: crystals! And crystal expert Tyler Thrasher is here to tell us all we need to know about them!

Want more Tyler Thrasher (and who wouldn't?!)? Check out https://tylerthrasher.com to learn more about his myriad of other projects!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

It's just about Thanksgiving here in the US; a special time during which we count our blessings. And this year, Tangents is giving you an extra thing to be thankful for: Stefan's our special guest! 

Our long lost co-host returns to talk to us about wings: birds love to use 'em, people love to eat 'em, and planes need them too, I guess. Sit around the table with us, won't you, as we pass out some heaping helpings of science knowledge. Pass the gravy!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Number of bird wings in the Burke Museum 

https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/ornithology

https://www.audubon.org/news/behind-scenes-worlds-largest-bird-wing-collection

https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/ornithology/collections-database/results.php?l=20&o=0&n=40653&m=32557&f=&g=&s=17h%7EIymyNd1yIp&w=PfHdywfPYczv2Y01KbF0&wo=PHdywPYjdyhNdQIY1KbF

[Fact Off]

Club-winged manakins use wing feathers to chirp/sing

Video & audio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSHjhCN6NC0

Audio-only clips: https://ebird.org/species/clwman1

Picture of feathers: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PipraWing.jpg

https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2005/07/rare-south-american-bird-sings-its-feathers-attract-mate-cornell-researcher-finds

https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/singing-with-his-wings-the-club-winged-manakins-display/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440988/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Planes flying upside down

https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/what-is-lift/

https://www.popsci.com/flying-upside-down-physics/

https://www.flyingmag.com/why-can-airplanes-fly-upside-down/

https://howthingsfly.si.edu/ask-an-explainer/how-do-planes-fly-upside-down

[Butt One More Thing]

Airplane and wing butt lines

http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/design/q0289.shtml

https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/p/location-numbering-systems-even-on.html

https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/72611/what-is-the-difference-between-a-wing-station-and-wing-buttock-line

http://www.techdrawingtools.com/24/l2402.htm

Before you listen, just take a moment to think about how sight works: Light comes out of the sun, bounces off of a tree (or whatever), goes inside of your head, and hits some nerves which send signals to your brain which turns that into an image of a tree (or whatever)... I wouldn't believe it if I weren't looking at this screen and typing these words right now! 

Also, what better medium to talk about seeing stuff than a podcast!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Colossal squid eye size

https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watch-play/science/anatomy-colossal-squid/eyes-colossal-squid

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/largest-eye-world-giant-squid

[Fact Off]

Climbing vine can mimic plastic plant leaves

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-02229-8

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-sneaky-life-of-the-worlds-most-mysterious-plant

Ogre-faced spider eye membrane regeneration 

https://www.jstor.org/stable/77314

https://australian.museum/learn/animals/spiders/how-spiders-see-the-world/

https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/MISC/SPIDERS/ogre_faced_spider_Deinopis_spinosa.htm

https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?id=116061

[Ask the Science Couch]

Human visible spectrum & eye evolution

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5093619/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141218210100.htm

https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004884

https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.2995

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2002/may/30/medicalscience.research

[Butt One More Thing]

Tadpole butt eye transplant

http://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/6/1031

https://slate.com/technology/2013/03/tadpole-eye-transplants-reveal-neuroplasticity-in-tufts-lab.html

This week, we investigate one of the more complicated, fraught, mysterious, and downright unpleasant ways we and lots of other living things navigate the world: pain.

From headaches to scorpion stings, there's lots of ways to get hurt, but is anything as painful as Hank's Liam Neeson impression? Let's find out!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Walking on LEGOs

https://science.discoveryplace.org/blog/ever-wonder-why-it-hurts-when-you-step-on-a-lego-brick

https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/469467-farthest-distance-walking-on-lego-bricks

[Fact Off]

Bees making motivational trade-off based on pain & sugar

https://www.science.org/content/article/bees-may-feel-pain

https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2205821119

Grasshopper mice block pain from scorpion venom

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1236451

https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3404

https://brill.com/view/journals/beh/99/3-4/article-p275_5.xml?language=en

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347205004318

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izizsAodOCk

[Ask the Science Couch]

Pain modulation & inhibition (with other pain or distraction)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL9GgdsyHtA

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0987705320301465

https://journals.lww.com/pain/Citation/2014/04000/Pain_modulation_profile_and_pain_therapy__Between.5.aspx

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-26882/v3

https://journals.lww.com/painrpts/Fulltext/2022/06000/Conditioned_pain_modulation_is_associated_with.10.aspx

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7689692/

[Butt One More Thing]

“Bubble Butt Syndrome” sea turtle injury

https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Animals-and-plants/Native-animals/rescued-sea-turtles-treatment-care-guidelines-210143.pdf

https://cse.umn.edu/college/feature-stories/shoring-seemore-sea-turtles-shell

https://www.turtlehospital.org/sea-turtle-injuries/

It's the day after Halloween, which means you might have a surplus of candy in your house. But before you start digging in to those sugary treat, spare a thought for your teeth, won't you? And to help you with that, today we have a classic episode all about your pearly whites! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Tangents' annual descent into horror returns with Trick or Treat Month! And this time, we brought some fiendish friends along! Join us for a whole month of spooky themes and special guest stars! 

Trick or Treat Month reaches it's horrific, blood-soaked conclusion! And who better to help us wade through the pools of gore than Dr. Sydnee and Justin McElroy, co-hosts of the medical history podcast Sawbones? No one, that's who!

Want more Sydnee and Justin? Check out https://www.blectar.com to find the whole McElroy family of podcasts, including Sawbones!

Get your extra-scary SciShow Tangents Halloween Decal here! Tell 'em Spooky Sam sent you!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This or That]

Round 1 - Bat tongue

https://www.livescience.com/52305-bat-tongues-move-like-human-bowels.html

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1500525

Round 2 - Ground finch beak

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-some-darwins-finches-evolved-drink-blood-180976814/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2408396?origin=crossref

https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0555-8

https://gizmodo.com/meet-the-worlds-most-amiable-vampire-the-hood-mockingb-1742955703

Round 3 - Snail proboscis 

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12864-015-1648-4.pdf

https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527497

https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/gallery/snailradulalarge.html

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1541716

Round 4 - Possum tongue

https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/pages/a117ced5-9a94-4586-afdb-1f333618e1e3/files/33-ind.pdf

https://www.uwa.edu.au/study/-/media/Faculties/Science/Docs/Features-of-the-honey-possum.pdf

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00360-011-0632-9

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003600050257

https://www.bushheritage.org.au/species/honey-possum

Round 5 - Egg Substitute

https://nordicfoodlab.wordpress.com/2014/01/07/2013-9-blood-and-egg/#_ftn4

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/albumin

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/egg-albumen

[Ask the Science Couch]

Blood donation, IVs, & venepuncture

https://www.fi.edu/heart/blood-vessels

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138671/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/median-cubital-vein

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01.res.22.6.737

https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/arterial-stick

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138661/

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn/chapter/8-6-infusing-iv-fluids-by-gravity-or-an-electronic-infusion-device-pump/

[Butt One More Thing]

Snakes and cloacal autohemorrhaging 

https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/eastern-hog-nosed-snake/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/3-s2.0-B9780323482530001719/first-page-pdf

https://www.cresosnake.com/kingsnakes

Tangents' annual descent into horror returns with Trick or Treat Month! And this time, we brought some fiendish friends along! Join us for a whole month of spooky themes and special guest stars!

From out of the pumpkin patch rises author, YouTuber, and podcaster Jackson Bird, here to thrill us with terrifying tales of the scariest produce of all: gourds! From pumpkins to watermelon, this versatile family of fruits nourishes and terrifies in equal measure!

Get your extra-scary SciShow Tangents Halloween Decal here! Tell 'em Spooky Sam sent you!

Looking for more Jackson Bird? You can buy his book, Sorted, listen to his podcast, Cool Stuff Ride Home, or check him out on YouTube! And if you want to know what this waffle business we were talking about is, check out his series Will It Waffle?!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Truth or Fail]

Squash bees and poison pollen

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7033150/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666515821000147

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998650/

https://lopezuribelab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SquashBeeBooklet-WEB_VERSION_FINAL.pdf

Field mice and cool cucumbers

https://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/oregon-vegetables/cucumbers-slicing-fresh-market

https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/tn/sfsm_opguide.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC396419/pdf/plntphys00196-0020.pdf

Crickets and bottle gourd instruments

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00606086

https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/stridulation/

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-cricket-gourds

[Ask the Science Couch]

Gourd cross-pollination

https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/newsletters/hortupdate/hortupdate_archives/2005/apr05/Melons.html

https://extension.sdstate.edu/saving-seed-pumpkins-squash-cucumbers-melons-and-gourds

https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/cross-pollination-between-vine-crops

https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/faq/will-cucumbers-cross-pollinate-other-vine-crops

[Butt One More Thing]

Aardvark cucumbers & dung piles

https://ulovane.co.za/2017/03/16/ulovane-update-aardvark-cucumber/

https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00423203_2648

Tangents annual descent into horror returns with Trick or Treat Month! And this time, we brought some fiendish friends along! Join us for a whole month of spooky themes and special guest stars!

This week, we've called upon the spirit of Radiolab and Terrestrials ghost host Lulu Miller to get down in the muck and talk about all the wormy, wriggly, slimy, little creatures that send shivers down our spines: creepy crawlies! 

Get your extra-scary SciShow Tangents Halloween Decal here! Tell 'em Spooky Sam sent you!

https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents/products/scishow-tangents-halloween-logo-sticker

Looking for more Lulu Miller? Check out Radiolab or Terrestrials if podcasts are your thing, or Why Fish Don't Exist if you're more of a book person! There's a little something for everyone!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Tangents annual descent into horror returns with Trick or Treat Month! And this time, we brought some fiendish friends along! Join us for a whole month of spooky themes and special guest stars!

And to kick off Trick or Treat Month, we've summoned Simpsons writer, author and food reviewer extraordinaire Bill Oakley to talk about preserved food! How is preserved food spooky? I guess you'll just have to listen to find out! 

Want more Bill Oakley? You're in luck! You can follow him on Twitter or Instagram to check out his food reviews, get his audiobook, Space: 1969, here, and join his Patreon, The Steamed Hams Society, here! Become a Bill Oakley Superfan... today!

Get your extra-scary SciShow Tangents Halloween Decal here! Tell 'em Spooky Sam sent you!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Are You Gonna Eat That?]

Old Twinkie

Source:

https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/twinkie-maine-40-years/story?id=40076223

https://www.thespruceeats.com/the-twinkie-myth-1328772

Old Ham

https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-28299440

Old Fruit Cake

https://www.worldrecordacademy.org/world-records/food/oldest-fruitcake-143-year-old-fruitcake-sets-world-record-312432

Old Pickle

https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2020/05/20/springfield-pokin-around-man-pickle-family-heirloom-175-years/5212382002/

Old WIne

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/worlds-oldest-wine-speyer-bottle

[Ask the Science Couch]

Chip bag slack fill & nitrogen gas as a preservative

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/51993/why-are-potato-chip-bags-always-half-empty

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pts.2770070205

It's almost October, and SciShow Tangents is getting ready for its month-long Halloween blowout! While we make final arrangements, please enjoy this classic, sound-filled journey through Tangents Manor! Try not to get too scared!!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Popular culture makes radiation seem pretty scary, and frequently it is. But we encounter way more radiation in our day-to-day life than you might think, from radio waves to visible light. Come explore the whole spectrum of radiation on this week's Tangents!

And we talk a LOT about The Vampire Diaries, too!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Cladosporium sphaerospermum fungus blockade

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Cladosporium_sphaerospermum

https://www.universetoday.com/153283/fungi-were-able-to-absorb-radiation-on-the-iss-could-astronauts-grow-their-own-radiation-shields-in-space/

https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070521/full/news070521-5.html

[Fact Off]

Atomic energy Boy Scout badge & superfund site

https://harpers.org/archive/1998/11/the-radioactive-boy-scout/

https://www.dangerouslaboratories.org/radscout.html

Louise Reiss and the Baby Tooth Survey

https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/bone-seeker.html

https://dhss.delaware.gov/dph/files/strontiumfaq.pdf

https://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/health-med-fit/health/decades-later-baby-tooth-survey-legacy-lives-on/article_c5ad9492-fd75-5aed-897f-850fbdba24ee.html

https://www.prismjournal.org/uploads/1/2/5/6/125661607/v11-no1-a1.pdf

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.134.3491.1669

https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0721/ML072150423.pdf

[Ask the Science Couch]

Determining biological effects/lethal dose of radiation

https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/bio-effects-radiation.html

https://www.science.org/content/article/how-atomic-bomb-survivors-have-transformed-our-understanding-radiation-s-impacts

https://www.rerf.or.jp/en/about/

https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/how-we-study/exposure-assessment/nci-dose-estimation-predicted-cancer-risk-residents-marshall-islands

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/genetic-effects-chernobyl-radiation-exposure

https://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Doses_Classification.htm

[Butt One More Thing]

Radioactive rabbit poop near Hanford

https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/15/science/earth/15rabbit.html

From mighty lions to postal workers, presidents to pelicans, they all have one thing in common: they were once tiny little babies! And so, too, were all the Tangents panelists, who celebrate their humble, squishy, helpless origins this week by talking all things baby!

Witness Hank learn about the "I'm baby" meme, thrill as you find out which Pokemon Yung Gravey most exemplifies, and almost puke at our grossest butt fact yet! Is this our best episode ever? Well, according to Hank it is! And he's the CEO of a company!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Summer is just about over, but we can all cling to those warm, tropical feelings for at least one more week as we strap on our scuba gear and take a dive into the wild world of coral reefs! Scuba!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Coral average sperm per bubble

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950549/

[Fact Off]

Deep-sea coral help zooxanthellae photosynthesize

https://www.scuba.com/blog/explore-the-blue/faascinating-phenomenon-coral-fluorescence/

https://elifesciences.org/articles/73521

https://www.science.org/content/article/coral-reefs-scatter-light-forests

https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-measure-glow-inside-coral-first-time

Snapping shrimp colonies with queens

https://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/25410/25410.pdf

https://phys.org/news/2018-03-tradeoffs-weaponry-fecundity-snapping-shrimp.html

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0193305

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1549235

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10937227/

https://www.vims.edu/research/units/legacy/marine_biodiversity/resources/Synalpheus%20teaching%20resources.pdf

[Ask the Science Couch]

Artificial reef pros and cons

https://www.doi.gov/blog/artificial-reefs-create-homes-sea-life

https://floridakeys.noaa.gov/artificialreefs/effects.html

https://daily.jstor.org/do-artificial-reefs-work/

https://hakaimagazine.com/news/for-artificial-coral-reefs-time-is-not-enough/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X2100610X

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00282/full

[Butt One More Thing]

Gastrovascular pores aka secret coral buttholes

https://hmr.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1007/BF02367177.pdf

Did you know that you can go to Patreon.com/SciShowTangents to become a Patron of the show and get cool stuff, like bonus episodes! See what you've been missing this week as we bring you an unlocked bonus episode featuring a devious game by Sam!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Tall buildings, subways, bodegas, rats. These are just some of the things you'll find in cities. Another thing you'll find? Science! From the smelly yet impressive sewers to the smelly yet impressive pigeons, we're covering big city science this week, baby!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Carbon gets a pretty bad rap these days, what with global climate change and, but every living thing on Earth owes their very existence to this multitalented little element! And heck, that's not even all it does! Click play to find out more. 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question] Gigatons of carbon in the atmosphere https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/736161 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336261451_A_Framework_for_Understanding_Whole-Earth_Carbon_Cycling/link/5d99c82da6fdccfd0e7bd8b6/download [Fact Off] Spider/silkworm silk reinforced by carbon https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1806805115 https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/spiders-graphene-silk/ https://newatlas.com/bionic-spider-silk-graphene/50908/ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/09/170915165253.htm https://phys.org/news/2016-10-silkworms-fed-carbon-nanotubes-graphene.html https://futurism.com/graphene-fed-silkworms-produce-a-super-strong-silk-that-conducts-electricity https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03597 Carbon foam made from burnt (pyrolyzed) bread https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/foam-material https://www.acsh.org/news/2016/07/08/burnt-bread-makes-an-excellent-carbon-foam https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.6b03985 https://www.fs.usda.gov/features/revolutionary-carbon-foam-wood https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016523701630256X http://www.cfoam.com/wp-content/uploads/Carbon-Foams-amp16111p029-3.pdf [Ask the Science Couch] Eating carbon (pure forms, organic compounds that are/aren’t toxic) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5307002/ ​​https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002817.htm https://www.livescience.com/34190-what-happens-when-you-swallow-a-diamond.html http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMIIA/15.1.1.htm https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/natural-toxins-in-food https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Human_Anatomy_and_Physiology_Preparatory_Course_(Liachovitzky)/03%3A_Molecular_Level-_Biomolecules_the_Organic_Compounds_Associated_With_Living_Organisms/3.01%3A_Organic_Compounds https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750019.html

When it comes to keeping all of your guts and blood inside, skin is second to none! Yet so often is it taken for granted. Today, we fix that by talking about skin for a whole 40 minutes! You're welcome, skin!

If you know a kid who loves science, have we go the show for you! It's called SciShow Kids, and it has all the great, rigorously-researched content you expect from SciShow, but for kids! Plus, it has puppets! Check it out at https://www.youtube.com/scishowkids!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Sebaceous gland development 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33354858/

https://www.britannica.com/science/sebaceous-gland

[Fact Off]

Thorny devil lizard skin capillary action

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.170591

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/219/21/3473/15569/Cutaneous-water-collection-by-a-moisture

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/this-lizard-can-drink-by-standing-still-in-sand/506288/

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/capillary-action-and-water

https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/nutrition-transport-and-homeostasis/plant-transport-processes-i/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00709-014-0715-z

Dolphins using corals for skincare

https://ryotanakajima.com/coral-reefs/the-role-of-coral-mucus-101

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/952463

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dolphins-rub-against-mucus-oozing-corals-to-soothe-skin/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Different regions of skin and skincare

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/#

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482278/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/facial-skin

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732395/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2405915/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161018094117.htm

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5849435/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763764/

[Butt One More Thing]

Mulesing of merino sheep butts

https://www.csiro.au/en/research/animals/livestock/managing-flystrike-and-mulesing-in-sheep

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0734975016300167

10....9.... Hey gang, Kids Month is about ready to blast off into space ....8....7....6 but before it does, we have one more topic exploring the childlike wonder of science to cover ....5....4...3 Spaceships! And wouldn't you know it? There's one more seat on our rocket! Climb in!  ....2...1.... Lift off!

If you know a kid who loves science, have we go the show for you! It's called SciShow Kids, and it has all the great, rigorously-researched content you expect from SciShow, but for kids! Plus, it has puppets! Check it out at https://www.youtube.com/scishowkids!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Ariane 5 launches

https://www.space.com/39811-bad-coordinates-led-ariane-5-rocket-astray.html

https://webb.nasa.gov/content/about/launch.html

https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/faq.html#whyAriane5

https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/01/all-hail-the-ariane-5-rocket-which-doubled-the-webb-telescopes-lifetime/

https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_history/Ariane_5_the_story_behind_the_100_launches

[Fact Off]

Cataloging junk around the Moon from Biosphere 2

https://news.arizona.edu/story/75m-effort-seeks-prevent-lunar-traffic-jams

Artificial gravity test during Gemini XI

http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/space-exploration/gemini/m-equals-1-all-up-mission-gemini-xi-part-2/

https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1966-081A

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/life-unbounded/watch-the-first-artificial-gravity-experiment/

https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/capsule-gemini-xi/nasm_A19680260000

https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/sept-14-1966-gemini-xi-artificial-gravity-experiment

[Ask the Science Couch]

Gyroscopes in spacecraft (Inertial Navigation Systems)

https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2016/03/Gyroscopes_in_space

https://science.howstuffworks.com/gyroscope.htm

http://www.aerostudents.com/courses/avionics/InertialNavigationSystems.pdf

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20100021932

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/nmp/st6/TECHNOLOGY/mems.html

https://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/propulsion/2-what-is-attitude-control.html

[Butt One More Thing]

Project Mercury butt molds

https://www.wired.com/2009/08/astronautbutts/

https://www.wired.com/2010/07/nasa-archive-astronaut-butt-mold-inspection/

Kids Month floats on as we talk about possibly our lightest subject ever: bubbles! Pop in to learn what makes a simple soapy membrane so fascinating to kid and adult like! 

If you know a kid who loves science, have we go the show for you! It's called SciShow Kids, and it has all the great, rigorously-researched content you expect from SciShow, but for kids! Plus, it has puppets! Check it out at https://www.youtube.com/scishowkids!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Deboki: @okidoki_boki

[Trivia Question]

Perfect bubble wand perimeter

https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2018/august/researchers-uncover-the-science-behind-blowing-bubbles.html

https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/09/theres-now-an-even-more-precise-recipe-for-blowing-the-perfect-bubble/

[Fact Off]

Tadpole bubble-sucking to breathe

https://www.instagram.com/p/B9AO801nrJI/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200226130510.htm

Microscopic “rockets” propelled by a bubble and sound waves

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/634184

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aax3084

http://brennen.caltech.edu/fluidbook/multiphase/Bubbleordroplettranslation/bjerknesforces.pdf

[Ask the Science Couch]

Air bubbles in needles (unintentional or intentional)

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/air-embolism/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734897/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542192/

https://starship.org.nz/guidelines/agitated-saline-bubble-study-for-the-detection-of-an-intrapulmonary-or/

https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/what-is-a-bubble-study

[Butt One More Thing]

Polymers in laxatives make big soap bubbles

https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/physicists-discover-why-this-bubble-solution-makes-monster-bubbles

​https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/02/physicists-determine-the-optimal-soap-recipe-for-blowing-gigantic-bubbles/

https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.013304

Sometimes, when you're making a podcast with 3 hosts, one of those hosts is going to get sick for two weeks and totally mess up Kids Month. So this week, we humbly present a classic episode that happens to be about something kids love: candy! Grab your favorite snack and join us on this sugary journey to the past!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Kids month continues with maybe THE most-beloved-by-children scientific topic of all time: dinosaurs! Come on a journey back in time to learn about the giant guys who used to stomp around and eat each other all over planet Earth!

And, as if that's not good enough, we're joined by Tangents editorial assistant Deboki Chakravarti! If you need more Deboki in your life, you can listen to her podcast, Tiny Matter, here: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/tiny-matters.html

If you know a kid who loves science, have we go the show for you! It's called SciShow Kids, and it has all the great, rigorously-researched content you expect from SciShow, but for kids! Plus, it has puppets! Check it out at https://www.youtube.com/scishowkids!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Deboki: @okidoki_boki

[Trivia Question]

Mamenchisaurus pounds of plant life consumed per day

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/science/12dinosaurs.html

[Fact Off]

Prosthetic tails on chickens to study dinosaur gait

Possible supersonic whip-like tails in sauropods 

https://daily.jstor.org/apatosaurus-tail-break-sound-barrier/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2401127?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/dinosaurs-in-motion

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830450/

http://goriely.com/wp-content/uploads/2002-PRLwhip-1.pdf

[Ask the Science Couch]

Dinosaurs that have changed names (apato/bronto, triceratops/torosaurus)

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-brontosaurus-is-back1/

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/571498

https://peerj.com/articles/857/

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0081608

https://gizmodo.com/the-first-scientific-name-ever-given-to-a-dinosaur-foss-5955550

https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2018/08/31/why-do-scientific-names-change-kiokio-by-any-other-name/

This month on SciShow Tangents, we're celebrating the sense of childlike wonder present in science by discussing a bunch of stuff kids like! We're calling it Kids Month, naturally, and we're kicking it off by talking about a thing all kids (and lots of animals) love to do: play! 

And if you know a kid who loves science, have we go the show for you! It's called SciShow Kids, and it has all the great, rigorously-researched content you expect from SciShow, but for kids! Plus, it has puppets! Check it out at https://www.youtube.com/scishowkids!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

We here on SciShow Tangents may have the market cornered on science podcasting, but that doesn't mean we know everything. Put us in a lab, and we're like fish in water! But put us in a library, with all those big tall shelves and the Dewey Decimal System, and we're like a fish not-in-water! So we called in our friend, podcast, theologian, and noted book-reader Vanessa Zoltan to help us learn more about books!

Learn more about Vanessa and her myriad of projects at her website, and follow her on Twitter @vanessamzoltan! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Inspired by last week's episode about beaches, we decided to take the week off and catch some rays. Please enjoy this encore presentation of our episode on Waves, and we'll be back next week!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Summer is here, which means it's time to visit everyone's favorite geological feature consisting of a strip of land covered in loose particles, existing exclusively alongside a body of water ! That's right, pack your trunks, cause today we're hitting the beach! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangentsto find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Goose-scaring drones

https://www.livescience.com/39146-canada-geese-drone.html

[Fact Off]

Waterproof chemicals (PFASes) in tides 

https://www.inverse.com/science/sea-spray-is-toxic

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/937518

https://massivesci.com/articles/pfas-chemical-ocean-mammals-fish-dolphins-wildlife/

Salish wooly dogs

https://monova.ca/senaqwila-wyss-on-the-salish-woolly-dogs/

https://hakaimagazine.com/features/the-dogs-that-grew-wool-and-the-people-who-love-them

https://www.americanindianmagazine.org/story/a-woolly-tale

https://research.library.mun.ca/14680/1/thesis.pdf

https://www.science.org/content/article/native-american-blankets-made-dog-hair

[Ask the Science Couch]

Beached cetaceans (and orcas/catfish that intentionally strand themselves)

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/why-do-whales-beach-themselves

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/whales-mass-stranding-australia/556400/

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/774692

https://hakaimagazine.com/news/salish-sea-killer-whales-have-a-surprising-new-way-of-hunting/

https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/z91-383  

https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-catfish-that-strands-itself-to-kill-pigeons

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050840

[Butt One More Thing]

Lugworm casts made of sand

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/lugworm-poos-and-the-secrets-they-hold.html

https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/marine/worms/lugworm

Cars need it, trains need it, and guess what? People need it, too! Can you deduce the answer to my devious riddle? That's right, it's fuel! Fill up your tank, cause we're going on a trip to learn all about the things that keep other things going, from coal to tuna sandwiches and everything in between!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley, Tom Mosner, Daisy Whitfield, and Allison Owen for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

New York Times rocket fuel correction

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/95-years-ago-goddard-s-first-liquid-fueled-rocket

https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/14/news/150th-anniversary-1851-2001-the-facts-that-got-away.html

[Fact Off]

Nuclear cars

https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1066000_txchnologist-thorium-lasers-thoroughly-plausible-for-nuclear-cars

https://www.thedrive.com/news/41103/heres-why-the-nuclear-powered-1958-ford-nucleon-never-entered-production

https://www.autoweek.com/news/a1988761/are-laser-powered-cars-our-future/

Fuel cell breathalyzers 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-batteries-store-an/

https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells

https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/did-you-know-history/breathalyzer-there-was-drunkometer

https://blog.history.in.gov/tag/breathalyzer/

https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/06/breathalyzers-of-the-future-today/277249/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857179/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Chlorophyll in photovoltaic cells/solar power

https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NCER&dirEntryId=187266

http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/chlorophyll/chlorophyll_h.htm

https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/5-2-the-light-dependent-reactions-of-photosynthesis/

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01673-w

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/plants-versus-photovoltaics-at-capturing-sunlight/

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/762519

[Butt One More Thing]

Human waste converted into biomethane fuel

https://www.npr.org/2016/01/01/461692939/from-poop-to-power-colorado-explores-new-sources-of-renewable-energy

https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/fart-powered-vw-beetle-tested-in-uk/

When I was a kid, everything was on paper. Books were on paper, magazines were on paper, newspapers were on, you guessed it, paper. Nowadays, everything's on the internet, but you can still find paper if you know where to look!

• Note: The podcast ad for the IMPACT app is unscripted and being recorded live. It may contain some slight differences. Please visit https://impact.interactivebrokers.com/ for full details of products and services. Interactive Brokers, LLC member FINRA/SIPC.
• The projections or other information generated by IMPACT app regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results and are not guarantees of future results. Please note that results may vary with use of the tool over time.
• The paid ad host experiences and testimonials within the Podcast may not be representative of the experiences of other customers and are not to be considered guarantees of future performance or success. The opinions provided within the ad belong to the host alone.

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Definition]

https://www.adelaide.edu.au/library/special/exhibitions/cover-to-cover/papyrus/

[Trivia Question]

Margaret E. Knight’s paper grocery bags

https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/margaret-e-knight-and-charles-b-stilwell-flat-bottomed-paper-bag-1870s-1880s/

https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2010/11/03/in-the-bag/

https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/margaret-knight

https://www.invent.org/inductees/margaret-e-knight

[Fact Off]

Rag paper and mummy linen in the 1800s

https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2019/12/europes-morbid-mummy-craze-has-been-an-obsession-for-centuries

https://uh.edu/engines/epi1227.htm

https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=3874

https://bookpatrol.net/has-this-library-solved-the-mystery-of-the-mummy-paper/

Cellulose nanocrystal films from waste paper

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639556/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13369-022-06609-8

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266689392100075X

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.625878/full#

Image of biodegrading film: https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/625878/fpls-12-625878-HTML/image_m/fpls-12-625878-g006.jpg

https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/glitter

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-021-01135-8

[Ask the Science Couch]

Smell of new books and paper

https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/06/01/newoldbooksmell/

https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/whats-that-smell-youre-reading

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/that-old-book-smell-is-a-mix-of-grass-and-vanilla-710038/

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/PHS/PHS.aspx?phsid=669&toxid=124#

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1309104220302051

https://www.ucop.edu/risk-services/_files/bsas/safetymeetings/ozonefrprinters.pdf

https://help.brother-usa.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/58097/~/the-printer-produces-a-faint-smell-or-odor-when-printing.-what-can-i-do%3F

[Butt One More Thing]

Gayetty’s medicated toilet paper

https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.13400600

https://www.findagrave.com/photos/2013/61/106087826_136230829409.jpg

https://books.google.com/books?id=yXY0yQnvmmUC&pg=PA679#v=onepage&q&f=false

When, in nature, two little guys are benefiting off each other one way or another, we call that symbiosis. But, if you think about it too hard, you start to realize that everything in nature is benefitting off some other thing in nature somehow and come to the conclusion that all of Earth is a giant symbiotic relationship! To that I say: simply try not to think about it too hard!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Fact Off]

Figs and fig wasp cheating prevention 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1635526/

https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/fig_wasp.shtml

https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2010/01/figs-kill-wasp-larvae-when-wasps-do-not-pollinate-figs

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2009.2157

Magnetotactic bacteria in tissues of animals with magnetoreception  

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200914112224.htm

[Ask the Science Couch]

Symbioses with more than 2 organisms

https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/species-interactions-and-competition-102131429/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8331144/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17255511/

https://www.princeton.edu/news/2019/06/27/sea-slugs-use-algaes-bacterial-weapons-factory-three-way-symbiotic-relationship

https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2016/Q3/yeast-emerges-as-hidden-third-partner-in-lichen-symbiosis.html

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-drives-a-sloths-ritualistic-trek-to-poop-180949419/

[Butt One More Thing]

Crab that lives in sea urchin rectum

Picture: https://www.marinelifephotography.com/marine/arthropods/crabs/echinoecus-pentagonus.htm

https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/11997

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098178800070

https://askabiologist.asu.edu/sea-urchin-anatomy

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

From big, slimy earthworms to microscopic C. elegans, worms are everywhere... or are they? It turns out, as is often the case on Tangents, that everything you thought you knew about worms is a lie, up to and including their very existence!

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Dave the longest earthworm

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/nov/04/uk-biggest-worm-record-breaking-in-cheshire

[Fact Off]

Geosmin smells like danger to C. elegans

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220405143530.htm

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35323022/

Ice worms in glaciers

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-4687(200012)246:3%3C192::AID-JMOR3%3E3.0.CO;2-B

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10930-020-09889-x

https://glaciers.nichols.edu/iceworm/

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/amazing-ice-worms-threatened-melting-glaciers

https://www.npr.org/2021/07/13/1011376403/its-summer-and-that-means-the-mysterious-return-of-glacier-ice-worms

[Ask the Science Couch]

Invasive earthworms in North America

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003807170600527X

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3

http://genesee.cce.cornell.edu/agriculture/natural-resources/invasive-pests/jumping-worm-amynthas-spp

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0038071720302510

https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/Invasives/fact/jumpingWorm.html

Invasive flatworms that prey on earthworms

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5969052/

https://eastland.agrilife.org/invasive-hammerhead-flatworms/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3858619

[Butt One More Thing]

Largest human coprolite has parasitic worms

https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/lloyds-bank-coprolite

https://www.theguardian.com/careers/2016/may/12/paleoscatologists-dig-up-stools-as-precious-as-the-crown-jewels

https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/51Et55R_RuCmabtTgQllzQ

We're hard at work on a cool new project, but we needed a little extra time to work on it! So this week, please enjoy a rerun of the all-time classic Pee episode!

And did you know there's a video version of this episode? You can check it out here!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Last week we talked about boring old rocks on the ground. This week, we're again talking rocks, but these are rocks... from SPACE!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

2020 QG asteroid flyby

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asteroid-makes-the-closest-earth-flyby-a-space-rock-has-ever-survived/

[Fact Off]

Libyan desert glass

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5196362.stm

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022309384901777?via%3Dihub

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/47/7/609/570318/Overestimation-of-threat-from-100-Mt-class?redirectedFrom=fulltext

https://www.mindat.org/min-39796.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X13004998

Hopewell asteroid event 

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/did-debris-from-a-comet-airburst-devastate-an-early-native-american-culture-180979523/

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05758-y

https://www.uc.edu/news/articles/2022/02/did-comets-fiery-destruction-lead-to-downfall-of-ancient-hopewell.html

[Ask the Science Couch]

Asteroid belt won’t become a planet

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/in-science-fiction-movies/

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IAUGA..2256597V/abstract

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/in-depth/

https://lasp.colorado.edu/outerplanets/kbos_dwarfplanets.php

https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/origin?show=hs_origin_story_jupiters-influence

https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-asteroid-belt-wreckage-of-a-destroyed-planet-or-something-else

https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/k/Kirkwood+Gaps

[Butt One More Thing]

Meteorism medical condition farts

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430851/

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meteorism

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic... need I say more? Welcome to SciShow Tangents or, as I like to call it, Rock Talk. 

• Note: The podcast ad for the IMPACT app is unscripted and being recorded live. It may contain some slight differences. Please visit https://impact.interactivebrokers.com/ for full details of products and services. Interactive Brokers, LLC member FINRA/SIPC.
• The projections or other information generated by IMPACT app regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results and are not guarantees of future results. Please note that results may vary with use of the tool over time.
• The paid ad host experiences and testimonials within the Podcast may not be representative of the experiences of other customers and are not to be considered guarantees of future performance or success. The opinions provided within the ad belong to the host alone.

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Stonehenge sarsen vs. Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson

https://www.livescience.com/22427-stonehenge-facts.html

[Fact Off]

Microgranite used for curling stones

http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/505002/

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91856/ailsa-craig

https://olympics.com/en/news/the-remarkable-properties-and-origins-of-the-olympic-curling-stone

https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/getting-to-the-core-of-olympic-curling-stones/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164813000732

Solitary bees drilling into sandstone

https://eos.org/articles/rock-chomping-bees-burrow-into-sandstone

https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/busy-bee-new-species-bee-quarries-sandstone/

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/comments/S0960-9822(16)30902-2

[Ask the Science Couch]

Licking rocks or bone

https://www.discovery.com/science/Difference-Between-Rock-Fossil

https://www.clemson.edu/public/geomuseum/specimen_id/id_tool.html

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018WR023233

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/wettability

https://twitter.com/mikamckinnon/status/1030188006966214660?s=20&t=_yJPJKVlGOpjTIMLy4y4mg

https://voices.pomona.edu/2013/11/on-the-merits-of-licking-rocks/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stick-with-it-put-your-duct-tape-to-the-test/

[Butt One More Thing]

Limestone-eating and sand-pooping shipworm

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-newly-discovered-genus-of-shipworm-eats-holes-into-rocks-and-poops-out-sand

https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/incredible-rock-eating-shipworm-is-first-of-its-kind

https://seahistory.org/sea-history-for-kids/ship-worm-clam/

Get a jump start on Earth Day by joining us as we discuss garbage's sexy, complicated little brother: recycling! 

Grab the NordVPN deal ➼ https://nordvpn.com/TANGENTSTry it risk-free now with a 30-day money-back guarantee!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Minnesota paper waste ball

https://www.pca.state.mn.us/featured/worlds-largest-wad-paper-0

[Fact Off]

Palimpsests (reusing parchment, but also documenting microbes)

https://www.abaa.org/blog/post/the-history-of-vellum-and-parchment