Beirut 1976: The Rise of the Shia Amal Movement
In the midst of Lebanon's 1975–1990 civil war, a new political and military force emerged from the Shia community: the Amal movement. This episode traces Amal's origins from the founding of the Higher Islamic Shia Council in 1967 and the disappearance of its leader Musa al-Sadr in 1978, to its transformation under Nabih Berri and its role in the war. We explore the long marginalization of the Shia in Lebanon, the impact of the Israeli invasion and Palestinian presence, and Amal's key battles including the 1976 'Battle of the Camps' and the 1987 War of the Brothers with the Syrian-backed PSP. The episode also covers the rise of Hezbollah as a rival to Amal, and the movement's shift into a mainstream political party after the Taif Agreement. This is a focused look at one community's struggle for representation, survival, and power in a fractured state.
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